Unit+04+Review+-+The+Byzantine+Empire+and+Medieval+Europe

__Directions__: The Identification Questions will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. Be thorough answering the Review Questions. Many of them require answers of more than five contiguous sentences. If your response is only one or two simple sentences, then you’re probably not including enough information. Remember to eliminate the links if you’re copying and pasting from other sources.
 * __ Identification: __**

was a Byzantine Emperor from the Macedonian dynasty who reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025. Slavic Kingdoms especially Bulgaria pressed the Byzantine empire in the 10th century. A Bulgarian king named tsar pressure the byzantine empire. In the 11th century byzantine emperor basil II, known as Bulgaroktonos, or slayer of the Bulgarians, used the empire's wealth to bribe many Bulgarian nobles and generals. He defeated the Bulgarian army in 1014. He blinded as many as 15,000 soldiers and he would blind only one eye for every 100th soldier. The sight of this tragedy brought on the Bulgarian King's death. At the end of the 10th century Basil II might have made the Byzantine empire the most powerful monarch on earth whose rich buildings and abundant popular entertainment awed visitors from western Europe and elsewhere. First Church: on the site was known as the "Great Church" or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia". It was Inaugurated on 15 February 360 during the reign of Constantius II. The Patriarch of Constantinople John Chrysostom came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia, wife of the emperor Arcadius, and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burned down. Nothing remains of the first church today.
 * Adkins - **Justinian - (c. 482 - 14 November 565), during his reign, he sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire . Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". Because of his restoration activities, Justinian has sometimes been called the "Last Roman" in modern historiography. This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general Belisarius swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the Empire after more than half a century of barbarian control.
 * Aguirre - ** **Theodora** - (c. 500 – 28 June 548), was empress of the Byzantine Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I. Theodora is perhaps the most influential and powerful woman in the Roman Empire 's history. Theodora proved herself a worthy and able leader during the Nika riots. There were two rival political factions in the Empire, the Blues and the Greens, who started a riot in January 532 during a chariot race in the hippodrome. The riots stemmed from many grievances, some from Justinian's and Theodora's own actions. Unable to control the mob, Justinian and his officials prepared to flee. At a meeting of the government council, Theodora spoke out against leaving the palace saying, "royal purple is noblest shroud," meaning better to die an emperor fighting to keep his throne than to run away in fear and live as an exile. Her determined speech convinced them all, including Justinian himself. Following the Nika revolt, Justinian and Theodora rebuilt and reformed Constantinople and made it the most splendid city the world had seen for centuries, building or rebuilding aqueducts, bridges and more than twenty five churches. The greatest of these is Hagia Sophia.
 * Ali - **Basil II (the Bulgar Slayer)
 * Anthony - **The Greens and the Blues:
 * Blues and Greens were political factions(divisions) in the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century. They took their names from two of the four colors worn by the circus charioteers. Their clashes were intensified by religious differences. The Greens represented Monophysitism and the lower, and the Blues, orthodoxy and the upper [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]] . In 532 the two factions joined in the Nika revolt against Emperor Justinian I and Empress Theodora. However, Theodora's firm stand and the aid of Belisarius and Narses ended the revolt. The factions continued to oppose each other into the 7th century, but by the 9th century they had become mostly ceremonial. **
 * Barner - **Hagia Sophia

Second Church: ordered by Theodosius II, who inaugurated it on 10 October 415. The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinus. A fire started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt and burned the second Hagia Sophia to the ground on 13–14 January 532.

Third And Current Structure: On 23 February 532, only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I elected to build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors. He chose to have this built to direct the attention of his people away from him, considering this plan was put into action only a few weeks after the massacre of thousands of people, many Blues and Greens, at the Hippodrome. Justinian chose physicist Isidore of Miletus and mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects; Anthemius, however, died within the first year of the endeavor. Something that was different about these architects is that neither of them actually was an architect, but the mathmatical and physiological knowledge they had aided them in its creation. The special thing about it was that it would be sporting the first, and the largest, dome ever seen on a building of that stature before. The emperor had material brought from all over the empire – such as Hellenistic columns from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, large stones from quarries in porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosporus region, and yellow stone from Syria. More than ten thousand people were employed. This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture. The mosaics inside the church were, however, only under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565–578). 1. General of Byzantine empire 2. Key to Justinian's projects to reconquer the territory of the Western Roman Empire 3. Last person given Roman Triumph because of his conquering of African territory 4.Considered to be one of the "Last Romans" because of his success -Gisela Ponce
 * Brown - **Ceasaropapism **-** Is the idea of combining the __#|__ [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10" __]][[image:http://giantsavings-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]]__ of secular government with the religious power, or making it superior to the spiritual authority of the Church; especially concerning the connection of the Church with government.
 * Carroll - **the Patriarchates- The Patriarchates are actually the offices of the Patriarchs, but may refer to either, considering the Byzantine empire is this unit, I presume the definition here would be the five Patriarchs of the Pentarchy, which sat in Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, the Patriarchate of Antioch was moved to Damascus in the 13th century, retaining the name Patriarchate of Antioch, and the Patriarchate of Constantinople retains its Patriarchate status as well. (Apologies for not posting last unit, my fault)
 * Casper - **Belisarius

Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Constantine was the son of Flavius Valerius Constantius, a Roman army officer, and his consort Helena. His father became //Caesar//, the deputy emperor in the west in 293. Constantine was sent east, where he rose through the ranks to become a military tribune under the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. In 305, Constantius was raised to the rank of //Augustus//, senior western emperor, and Constantine was recalled west to campaign under his father in Britannia. Acclaimed as emperor by the army after his father's death in 306, Constantine emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against the emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become sole ruler of both west and east by 324. As emperor, Constantine enacted many administrative, financial, social, and military reforms to strengthen the empire. The government was restructured and civil and military authority separated. A new, the solidus, was introduced to combat inflation. It would become the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a rhousand years. The first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, Constantine played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan, which decreed religious tolerance throughout the empire. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325, at which the Nicene Creed was professed by Christians. In military matters, the Roman army was reorganised to consist of mobile field units and garrison soldiers capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the turmoil of the previous century. The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and named it New Rome. However, in Constantine's honor, the Romans called it Constantinople, which would later be the capital of what is now known as the Byzantine Empire for over one thousand years. Because of this, he is thought of as the founder of the Byzantine Empire. His more immediate political legacy was that, in leaving the empire to his sons, he replaced Diocletian's tetrarchy with the principle of dynastic succession. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign. The medieval church upheld him as a paragon of virtue while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference, and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity.[|[][|6][|]] Beginning with the renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Critics portrayed him as a despotic tyrant. Trends in modern and recent scholarship attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship. Constantine—as the first Christian emperor—is a significant figure in the history of Christianity. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem, became the holiest place in Christendom. The Papacy claimed temporal power through Constantine. He is venerated as a saint by Orthodox Christians, Byzantine Catholics, and Anglicans. The Eastern churches hold his memory in particular esteem, regarding Constantine as isapostolos or //equal to the Apostles//.
 * Consolver - **Constantine -

In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks established an enlightened, tolerant government in Central Anatolia that fostered a great culture.They were a Turkish tribe from Central Asia. They poured into Persia (1037) and established their first powerful state, called by historians the Empire of the Great Seljuks.They captured Baghdad in 1055 In 1071 this Seljuk force engaged the armies of the Byzantine emperor at Manzikert north of Lake Van, defeated them decisively, and captured Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes. With no Byzantine force to stop them, the Seljuk Turks flooded into Anatolia, taking control of most of Eastern and Central Anatolia. They established their capital at Konya around 1150 and ruled what would be known as the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum The small Seljuk ruling class governed a population that was mostly Greek-speaking Anatolian Christian, with a significant Jewish minority. Seljuk rule was tolerant of race, religion and gender. Churches and synagogues flourished, and some of the finest examples of Seljuk architecture, including huge mosques, theological seminaries, hospitals and caravanserais, were built on the orders of empresses and princesses.Seljuk culture in Rum was at its height in the mid-1200s, just as the Mongols overran West Asia and ravaged Anatolia. Most of the finest examples of Seljuk architecture, such as the fine caravanserais and the wonderful mosques and medreses in Konya, date from the mid-1200s. The art of the successor Mongol Ilkanids and of the Beyliks (principalities) that sprang up in Anatolia after the collapse of Mongol rule owe much to Seljuk inspiration.Among the upstart warlord principalities of the 1300s was one based near Nicaea (Iznik) on the Byzantine frontier and led by a chieftain named Osman. It grew rapidly in size and strength and was soon on its way to becoming the vast Ottoman Empire. were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling ____. The Ottoman Turks blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine-East Roman Empire, and Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries
 * Coville - **Seljuk Turks
 * Davis - **Ottoman Turks
 * Flores - **Iconoclastic struggles refers to the time in the Byzantine empire where there was a religious controversy over religious art. King Leo III, who was the emperor at the time, attacked the use of religious images in worship (no concrete reason why, but is probably as a response to Muslim claims that Christians were idol worshipers), such as paintings of saints, in 726. This attack, which is called Iconoclasm (meaning the breaking of images) briefly threatened a split between church and state. After a long and complex battle(which took over 100 years to fully resolve) the use of icons gradually restored and was fully resolved in 843. The tradition of state control over church affairs was also reasserted when this dispute was settled.#thestruggle- Flores

** Gonzalez - **Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus  (kēˈĕfən) [ [|key] ],  medieval state of the Eastern Slavs.  It was the earliest predecessor of modern Ukraine and Russia. Flourishing from the 10th to the 13th cent., it included nearly all of present-day [|Ukraine] and [|Belarus] and part of NW European Russia, extending as far N as Novgorod and Vladimir.  According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, a medieval history, the Varangian [|Rurik] established himself at Novgorod c.862 and founded a dynasty. His successor, [|Oleg] or Oleh (d. c.912), shifted his attention to the south, seized Kiev (c.879), and established the new Kievan state. The Varangians were also known as Rus or Rhos ; it is possible that this name was early extended to the Slavs of the Kievan state, which became known as Kievan Rus. Other theories trace the name Rus to a Slavic origin. Oleg united the Eastern Slavs and freed them from the suzerainty of the [|Khazars]. His successors were [|Igor] or Ihor (reigned 912–45) and Igor's widow, St. Olga or Olha, who was regent until about 962. Under Olga's son, [|Sviatoslav] or Svyatoslav (d. 972), the Khazars were crushed, and Kievan ____ was extended to the lower Volga and N Caucasus. Christianity was introduced by [|Vladimir I] or Volodymyr I (reigned 980–1015), who adopted (c.989) Greek Orthodoxy from the Byzantines. The reign (1019–54) of Vladimir's son, [|Yaroslav] the Wise, represented the political and cultural apex of Kievan Rus.  After his death the state was divided into principalities ruled by his sons; this soon led to civil strife. A last effort for unity was made by [|Vladimir II] or Volodymyr II (reigned 1113–25), but the perpetual princely strife and the devastating raids of the nomadic [|Cumans] soon ended the supremacy of Kiev. In the middle of the 12th cent. a number of local centers of developed: Halych in the west, Novgorod in the north, Vladimir-Suzdal (see [|Vladimir]) in the northwest, and Kiev in the south. In 1169, Kiev was sacked and pillaged by the armies of Andrei Bogolubsky of Suzdal, and the final blow to the Kievan state came with the Mongol invasion (1237–40). <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The economy of the Kievan state was based on agriculture and on extensive trade with Byzantium, Asia, and Scandinavia. Culture, as well as religion, was drawn from Byzantium; [|Church Slavonic] was the literary and liturgical language of the state. According to some scholars the history of the Kievan state is the common heritage of modern Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians, although their existence as separate peoples has been traced as far back as the 12th cent. Ukrainian scholars consider Kievan Rus to be central to the history of the Ukraine.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">(stuff you wanna read in black) - Gus

The East–West Schism is the medieval division of chalcedonian and Christianity into east and west branches, which later became commonly known as the eastern orthodox church and the, roman catholic church The mutual excommunications by the Pope and the Patriarch that year became a watershed in church history. The excommunications were not lifted until 1965, when Pope and Patriarch athenagoras, following their historic meeting in Jerusalem in 1964, presided over simultaneous ceremonies that revoked the excommunication decrees. 1. Was the King of England after his father, Henry II 2. Almost never in England (only there for like 6 months during entire rule) because he was at battle (Crusades) a. Left his throne to his brother who signed Magna Carta in 1215 b. Great military leader and warrior 3. Fought against Saladin and at one point, after Saladin lied to him about having a holy relic (part of the holy cross), Richard beheaded Saladin's men right in front of him. -Gisela Ponce
 * Jones - **schism of Christian Church:
 * Lee - **Pope Urban II: was the head of the Catholic Church from 1088-1099. He is best known for initiating the First Crusade (1066-1099) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in Germany in 1084.Before and during his papacy, Urban was a member of a reform movement that wanted the clergy to be more removed from "worldly values" and influences, bringing life in general, closer to life in a monastery
 * Lewis - **Richard the Lionhearted

was [|King] of [|England] from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as [|Duke of Normandy] (as ** Richard IV ** ), [|Duke of Aquitaine], Duke of Gascony, Lord of [|Cyprus] , [|Count of Anjou] , [|Count of Maine] , [|Count of Nantes]

===** Li - **Saladin- (1137-1193)<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Fist sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid Dynasty. He led the muslim opposition against the European Crusaders in the Levant. He defeated the crusades at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. The Crusades continued to exsist but this marked a turning point in the battle between the religions. He is a prominent figure in Muslim, Arab, and Kurdish culture. He was a respectable man noted for his chivalry and even won the respect of Richard the Lionheart, who led the Third Crusade. === The manuscript is held at The National Archives, Kew, in South West London. In August 2006, a limited online version of //Domesday Book// was made available by the United Kingdom's National Archives site, charging users per page to view the manuscript. In 2011, the Open Domesday site made the manuscript freely available for the first time. A survey approaching the scope and extent of the Domesday Book was not attempted until the Return of Owners of Land, 1873, which presented the first subsequent picture of the distribution of landed property in the British Isles, and is thus sometimes referred to as the "Modern Domesday".Richard FitzNigel, writing around the year 1179, stated that the book was known by the English as "Domesday", that is the Day of Judgement:for as the sentence of that strict and terrible last account cannot be evaded by any skilful subterfuge, so when this book is appealed to ... its sentence cannot be put quashed or set aside with impunity. That is why we have called the book 'the Book of Judgement' because its decisions, like those of the Last Judgement, are unalterable. 1. Duke of Normandy 2. He was the illegitimate 2. After defeating Harold the Saxon at the Battle of Hastings, he became the first King of England (1066) 3. Never again was Britain successfully invaded 4. He is a vassal of the King of France 5. He had the Doomsday Book, a of landholders and their holdings, written -Gisela Ponce
 * Macapagal - **John: His nickname being Tzmiskes was born into the kourkouas clan of armenian orgin. While the Byzantine empire and the Abbasid empire were fighting the Armenian empire was located in the middle of all of it and john successfully defended his province.
 * Macneill - **The Magna Carta - A document signed in 1215 between the royal Barons and King John. The document limited the power of the king and also ensured that all freemen would not be imprisoned or punished without first going through the legal system. It also gave everybody the access to courts if they wanted to settle an issue. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">The charter was an important part of the extensive historical process that led to the rule of <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5;">constitutional law in the English speaking world. The Magna Carta was important in the colonization of America as England's legal system was used as a model for many of the colonies as they were developing their own legal systems.
 * Manivanh - **The Doomsday Book-a manuscript that records the great survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086. [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]] was executed for William I of England (William the Conqueror): While spending the Christmas time of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth.One of the main purposes of the survey was to determine who held what and what taxes had been liable under Edward the Confessor; the judgement of the Domesday assessors was final whatever the book said about who held the material wealth or what it was worth was the law, and there was no appeal. It was written in Latin, although there were some vernacular words inserted for native terms with no previous Latin equivalent, and the text was highly abbreviated.
 * Mendez - **Vikings/Varagians - Groups of nomadic/barbaric germanic/scandivian people. Ruled the land of Rus around 9th to 11th centuries, forming the Byzantine Varagians Guard. They also controlled trade routes throughout the volga trade route and the Dneiper trade route.
 * Muhney - **Saxon Invasions- migration of several Germanic tribes from the western coasts of Europe and their [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]] in Great Britain in the 5th century. There is no precise date known except that it began in the early fifth century after the last departure of Roman troops in 410, and continued for quite a while afterward.
 * Munzlinger - **William the Conqueror

was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also rule as Duke of Normandy (as ** Richard IV ** ), Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, [|Anjou], [|Count of Maine] , [|Count of Nantes]

fall to the Ottomans. After this, there were many other places that were conquered, and all so well. These included: Serbia, Morea, Black Sea Coast, Wallachia, Bosnia, Karaman, Albania, and Geneose Cremea. Some failed attempts were in Venice and in Moldavia, but these were not total failures as the provinces were extremely weakened and treaties always favored the Ottomans. Therefore, Mehmed II was also know as the famous Sultan Mehmed the Conquerer! Charlemagne (c.742-814), also known as Karl and Charles the Great, was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany. He embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and convert his subjects to Christianity. A skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in warfare in order to accomplish his goals. In 800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans. In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual revival in Europe. When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of Western Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity in the West. Today, Charlemagne is referred to by some as the father of Europe. 1. A Christian saint that is honored by the Angelic and Catholic churches a. he is the patron saint of Europe and students 2. Founded 12 communities for monks 3. Main achievement is the Rule of Saint Benedict which contain the rules and ways that his Monks have to follow/act a. it persuaded most of the religious communities during the Middle Ages to follow Christianity 4. All these things (especially previous) made him one of the most influential religious rulers in Western Christendom Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus', known as Yaroslav the Wise or Iaroslav the Wise was thrice Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule. Yaroslav's Christian name was George after Saint George (Old East Slavic: Гюрьгi, Ghyurghi). A son of the Vargarian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother,Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019. Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Rus Truth [Law]"). During his lengthy reign, Rus reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power.
 * Nachtergaele - ** Mehmed II was a young boy when he rose to [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]] in the Ottoman Empire; he was only 12! He had many immediate followers but had an enemy in the his royal court that was very displeased. After spending only a few months on the throne, his father Murad II was forced back upon the throne after one of his majestic victories in the army. The royal court member, the same one as b4, was then put to death, and Mehmed the conquerer ascended the throne once more. In 1451, he set up an attack at Constantinople and in only a seventy-some days did it
 * Ortega - **Investiture - is the act of holding a formal ceremony to appoint a high authority into office. In medieval europe there was a controversy between the Church and the State where the Popes started questioning the authority of the Monarchies(kings) to appoint the bishops and abbots(head minister). The controversy started in the early 11th century when Pope Urban II and King Henry IV fought over whose [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]] it was to appoint the bishops. This soon became know as the Investiture Contest as well. This controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. This agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V gave the emperor the right to elect the bishops and abbots under a secular authority like a King but not as a religious or sacred authority. This controversy led to 50 years of civil war in Germany. **Madi Ortega**
 * Park - **Charlemagne:
 * Phillips - ** Verdun - Latin for "strong fort" and Celtic for "defended [[image:http://cdncache1-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png height="10"]] ." Verdun has been the seat of the bishop of Verdun since the 4th century AD. In around 843 AD, Verdun was a thriving trade spot for selling young boys to be enslaved eunuchs (a male who has been castrated) to the Islamic emirates of Iberia. The city was also famous for Dragees or sugared almonds from 1200 onwards. Verdun was part of the middle kingdom of Lotharingia, and in 1374 it became an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Podsednik - **Charles Martel
 * Ponce - ** Benedict of Nursia:
 * Raison - **Vladimir- Vladimir I was the ruler of the Russian Kingdom of Kiev from 982 to 1015AD; he also converted his kingdom to Christianity in 989AD, very unusual for Russian rulers
 * Reschreiter - **Yaroslav-
 * Thomas - **Cyril and Methodius- ** Cyril and methodius were Byzantine brothers who became Christian missionaries among the Slavic people. Both brothers are venereated in the Orthodox church as saints. Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited with devising the [|Glagolitic alphabet], the first alphabet used to transcribe [|Old Church Slavonic].[|[11]] After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the [|Orthodox Church] as [|saints] with the title of "[|equal-to-apostles]". In 1880, [|Pope Leo XIII] introduced their feast into the calendar of the [|Roman Catholic Church]. In 1980, [|Pope John Paul II] declared them co-[|patron saints] of Europe, together with [|Benedict of Nursia].[|[12]] **

<span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">First Church: on the site was known as the "Great Church" or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia". It was Inaugurated on 15 February 360 during the reign of Constantius II. <span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The Patriarch of Constantinople John Chrysostom came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia, wife of the emperor Arcadius, and was sent into exile on 20 June 404. During the subsequent riots, this first church was largely burned down. Nothing remains of the first church today.
 * Yakubek - **Lombards -Also called Langobards; A Germanic tribe that ruled Italy from 568 to 774; Originally from Northern Europe, then settled in Danube River valley (won against Heruls, frequently fought with Gepids; Lombard king Audoin defeated Thursind in 551/2; Successor Alboin defeated Gepids entirely at the Battle of Asfeld in 567; then decided to lead his peoples into Italy) then invaded Byzantine Italy in 568, later named it Regnum Italicum (reached zenith under 8th century king Liutprand); conquered by Charlemagne (Frank) in 774; Lombard nobles still ruled parts of Italy until 11th century when conquered by Normans and added to their County of Sicily; Legacy shows in Lombardy (the region of Italy where Milan is); Main deity: Odin, then to Christianity, then Beneventan Christianity; Not many Lombard buildings have survived
 * Adkins - **<span style="color: #6300ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Saxons - Saxons were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German Plain, some of whom conquered large parts of Great Britain in the early Middle Ages and formed part of the merged group of Anglo Saxons that would eventually carve out the first united Kingdom of England. Most Saxons remained in Germany, however, and resisted the expanding Frankish Empire through the leadership of the semi-legendary Saxon hero, Widukind. Saxons, along with the Angles, and other continental Germanic tribes, participated in the Anglo Saxon settlement of Britain during and after the 5th century.
 * Aguirre - **<span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">**Hagia Sophia** -

<span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Second Church: ordered by Theodosius II, who inaugurated it on 10 October 415. The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinus. A fire started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt and burned the second Hagia Sophia to the ground on 13–14 January 532.

<span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Third And Current Structure: On 23 February 532, only a few weeks after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I elected to build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors. Justinian chose physicist Isidore of Miletus and mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects; Anthemius, however, died within the first year of the endeavor. The emperor had material brought from all over the empire – such as Hellenistic columns from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, large stones from quarries in porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosporus region, and yellow stone from Syria. More than ten thousand people were employed. This new church was contemporaneously recognized as a major work of architecture. The mosaics inside the church were, however, only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565–578).

He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in development or refutation of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. The works for which he is best known are the //Summa Theologica// and the //Summa contra Gentiles.//
 * Ali - **Thomas Aquinas (28 January 1225 – 7 March 1274), also Thomas of Aquino or Aquino was an Italian[|[][|3][|]][|[][|4][|]] [|Dominican][|friar] and [|priest] and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the "//Doctor Angelicus//", "//Doctor Communis//", and "//Doctor Universalis//".[|[][|5][|]] "Aquinas" is the demonym of Aquino, his home town.
 * Anthony - **Rurik
 * Rurik was a Viking, or Varangian, prince. His story is told in the The Russian Primary Chronicle (compiled at the beginning of the 12th century) but is not accepted by modern historians. According to the chronicle, the people of Novgorod, tired of political conflict, invited the Varangians about 862 to establish an orderly and just government there. Hence, Rurik came with his two brothers and a large entourage and became ruler of the city and region of Novgorod. Rurik gained control of Ladoga in 862, built the Holmgard settlement near Novgorod, and founded the Rurik Dynasty, which ruled Kievan Rus until the 17th century. **
 * more info: **
 * Rurik was the Viking (or Varangian) leader who ventured from Jutland to found what is considered to be the first Russian monarchy. According to early chronicles, Rurik and his fellow Scandinavian warriors were invited to rule the Slavs, who had fallen into political chaos. Rurik's achievements remain a historical mystery, but it is said that he led an army to the Baltic coast of Russia around 855; he established a fortress east of the Baltic Sea at Novgorod around 862 and ruled an area that extended as far south as Kiev (in what is now the Ukraine). When he left Russia in 873 (to manage land in Friesland) he turned his land over to the Viking Oleg, who moved the seat of power to Kiev in 882 and extended his domain to challenge the Byzantine Empire. Oleg was succeeded by Rurik's son, Igor, and the dynasty Rurik began lasted until the death of Feodor I in 1598. **

The Western part of the empire was becoming militarily vulnerable and he wanted the capital to be in a safer part of the empire. The western part of the empire was becoming populated more and more by Germanic tribes who were less "Roman" than the inhabitants of the eastern part of the empire and so an eastern location was preferable. Finally, the eastern part of the empire was wealthier and locating the capital there would allow better administration and military protection of the best part of the empire. (c. 482 - 14 November 565), during his reign, he sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire. Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". Because of his restoration activities, Justinian has sometimes been called the "Last Roman" in modern historiography. This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general Belisarius swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the Empire after more than half a century of barbarian control. -Adkins (copy/pasted by Gisela) Theodora, according to Michael Grant, was of Greek Cypriot descent.[|]] There are several indications of her possible birthplace. According to Michael the Syrian her birthplace was in Syria; Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos names Theodora a native of Cyprus, while the //Patria//, attributed to George Codinus, claims Theodora came from Paphlagonia. She was born in 500 AD. Her father, Acacius, was a bear trainer of the hippodrome's Green faction in Constantinople. Her mother, whose name is not recorded, was a dancer and an actress. Her parents had two more daughters. After her father's death, her mother brought her children wearing garlands into the hippodrome and presented them as suppliants to the Blue faction. From then on Theodora would be their supporter.[|[][|6][|]] Both John of Ephesus and Procopius (in his //Secret History//) relate that Theodora from an early age followed her sister Komito's example and worked in a Constantinople brothel serving low-status customers; later she performed on stage. Lynda Garland in "Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204" notes that there seems to be little reason to believe she worked out of a brothel "managed by a pimp". Employment as an actress at the time would include both "indecent exhibitions on stage" and providing sexual services off stage. In what Garland calls the "sleazy entertainment business in the capital", Theodora earned her living by a combination of her theatrical and sexual skills. In Procopius' account, Theodora made a name for herself with her salacious portrayal of Leda and the Swan. During this time she met the wife of Belisarius, Antonina, with whom she would remain lifelong friends. At the age of 16, she traveled to North Africa as the companion of a Syrian official named Hecebolus when he went to the Libyan Pentapolis as governor. She stayed with him for almost four years before returning to Constantinople. Abandoned and maltreated by Hecebolus, on her way back to the capital of the Byzantine Empire, she settled for a while in Alexandria, Egypt. She is said to have met Patriarch Timothy III in Alexandria, who was Miaphysite, and it was at that time that she converted to Miaphysite Christianity. From Alexandria she went to Antioch, where she met a Blue faction's dancer, Macedonia, who was perhaps an informer of Justinian. She returned to Constantinople in 522 and gave up her former lifestyle, settling as a wool spinner in a house near the palace. Her beauty, wit and amusing character drew attention from Justinian, who wanted to marry her. However, he could not: He was heir of the throne of his uncle, Emperor Justin I, and a Roman law from Constantine's time prevented government officials from marrying actresses. Empress Euphemia, who liked Justinian and ordinarily refused him nothing, was against his wedding with an actress. However, Justin was fond of Theodora. In 525, when Euphemia had died, Justin repealed the law, and Justinian married Theodora. By this point, she already had a daughter (whose name has been lost). Justinian apparently treated the daughter and the daughter's son Athanasius as fully legitimate, although sources disagree whether Justinian was the girl's father. Hagia Sophia is a former Greek Orthodox patriarchal church, later an imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its construction in 537 until 1453, it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral and seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire. A Persian general who was instrumental to Emperor Justian's plan to reconquer the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously. Considered one of "The last Romans" becuase of his success. He restored the African providences in 534, and upon his return to Constaninople was given a Roman triumph, it was the last one ever given anybody. He took back much of Italy in the years 537-540, though that would again be lost. He went into retirement but was called back in the year 559 and died in the year 965.
 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * Barner - **Who founded the Byzantine Empire? The founder of the Byzantine Empire was Constantine, because he was the ruler that moved the capital of the falling Roman Empire to Byzantium, where he could mold it into a model city that would attract people from all over, not just his Empire.
 * Brown - **Why did Constantine relocate the capital from Rome?
 * Carroll - **What territory was controlled by the Byzantine Empire? - It all depends on what time it is, for instance, at some point the Byzantines were the major empire circling the mediterranean, controlling lands from south-eastern Spain, all the way to the beginning of the Arabian Peninsula, however, although the Byzantine empire stretched far and wide, at varying points is controlled only a relatively small portion in the Eastern part of the Mediterranean coast.
 * Casper - **Who was Justinian?
 * Consolver - **Who was Theodora (Justinian’s wife, not the 10th century Empress)?
 * Coville - **What is the significance of the Hagia Sofia?
 * Davis - **Who was Belisarius, and how was he significant to Byzantine history?
 * Flores - **Who were the various empires/kingdoms/people that attacked the Byzantine Empire during it’s thousand year existence? Lombards 568, Muslims 693-721 and 1075, Bulgars in both 917 and 924, Prince Igor of kiev 941, Normans 1055, Seljuk Turks 1071, Crusaders 1096, The Sultanate of Rum, Fourth Crusaders 1204, Ottomans 1453- #thestruggle- Flores
 * Gonzalez - ** What was Greek Fire?

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 * Greek fire ** was an incineray weapon used by the The Byzzantine empire. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect as it could continue burning while floating on water. It provided a technological advantage, and was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation o f <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[|C] constantinople from two <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none;">[|A] Arab seiges thus securing the Empire's survival.( if you still dont get it check this out

A Byzantine Emperor from the Macedonian dynasty who reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025 Basil oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire, and above all, the final and complete subjugation of Bulgaria, the Empire's foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. For this he was nicknamed later as "the Bulgar-slayer". At his death, the Empire stretched from Southern Italy to the Caucasus and from the Danube to the borders of Palestine, its greatest territorial extent since the Muslim conquests four centuries earlier. The Arab–Byzantine wars were a series of wars between the mostly Arab Muslims and the East Roman or Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. These started during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashiunds and Umayyad Caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century. With the decline and fragmentation of the Abbasid state and the concurrent strengthening of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian Dynasty, the tide gradually turned. Over a period of fifty years from ca. 920 to 976, the Byzantines finally broke through the Muslim defenses and restored their control over northern Syria and Greater Armenia. The border remained stable until the Seljuk Turks came after 1060.
 * Jones - **Who was Basil II (aka: Basil the Bulgar Slayer):
 * Lee - **What impacts did the Arab/Muslim invasions have on the Byzantine Empire after 7th century? What was the impact on Western Europe?

The Byzantines experienced extensive territorial loss, while the invading Arabs gained strong control in the Middle East and Africa. The focus of the Byzantine Empire shifted from the western reconquests of Justinian to a primarily defensive position, against the Islamic armies on its eastern borders. Without Byzantine interference in the emerging Christian states of western Europe, the situation gave a huge stimulus to feudalism and Medieval technology, economic self-sufficiency, Europe. The view of modern historians is that one of the most important effects was the strain it put on the relationship between Rome and Byzantium. While fighting for survival against the Islamic armies, the Empire was no longer able to provide the protection it had once offered to the Papacy ===<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> Byzantium carried the greek language that was spoken through the hellenistic age in Greece. The Orthodox church was conducted in greek as well. Perhaps the greatest influence was the idea of entertainment in a great social gathering. Greece was known for its theater, plays, olympic games, etc. The Byzantine Empire (under Justinian) constructed a great Hippodrome, a chariot racing arena, where people could gather and interact with one another. === refers to two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Eastern Church and the temporal imperial hierarchy. The "First Iconoclasm", as it is sometimes called, lasted between about 726 and 787. The "Second Iconoclasm" was between 814 and 842. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over the Pope's claims of authority over the whole church and over the insertion of the 'Filioque' clause (meaning 'and the Son') into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014 AD. The Eastern Orthodox Church stated that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, so there would not be one ruler over the whole church, but self-governing Patriarchs in Old Rome and New Rome. There were other less significant reasons for the Schism, such as differences over liturgical practices, for example, the use of unleavened bread in the West. There were five patriarchs. One in each of the following cities: Rome (POPE), Antioch, Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem. -Gisela Ponce Alexios IV was the leader of the Western Christians in the Crusade of 1204. They were on their way to Jerusalem via Venice, believing they were their allies. However, the Venetians turned the Western Christians to Constantinople. The Westerns were fooled b/c they had never been there and they 'sacked' Constantinople, or in other words, destroyed everything in sight. Not only did this set the Christians back in the Crusades, but it caused tensions between the Western and Eastern Christians that stayed apparent throughout the following history. Called the 'Apostles to the Slavs,' saints Cyril and Methodius were brothers who devoted their entire lives to preaching christianity to the slavic nations. They were actively involved in conversion of the peoples of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Russia, Dalmatia and many others of the eastern european region. Dedicated to God, they labored tirelessly in His service, for the salvation of the slavic peoples.
 * Lewis - ** How did the Byzantine compare with that of China at the time? __// The Byzantine compared to China in terms of its politics and economy. On the political side, the emperor was held to be ordained by God, head of Church as well as state (very similar to the Mandate of heaven don't you think?). The emperor appointed church bishops and passed religious and secular laws, and also the elaborate court rituals symbolized the ideals of a divinely inspired, all-powerful ruler, although they often immobilized rulers and inhibited innovative property (very centralized government). Also the emperor was backed by its elaborate bureaucracy in which any social class could be recruited into the Byzantine bureaucracy due to its secular school system that taught the recruits in Greek classics, philosophy and science. Although both china and Byzantine had a strong bureaucracy, China's bureaucracy included the criteria of having talent. On its economics, it was heavily influenced by trade, having a large merchant class that never gained significant political power in part because of the elaborate network of government controls. Even with this similarity, the Byzantine empire was different from china in this aspect because of the looser social and political networks of the West, where merchants were gaining greater voice //__. -Flores
 * Li - **What impact did Hellenistic thought have on the Byzantine Empire?. (Let’s see if you were paying attention…What in the blue blazes is “Hellenistic thought” and what forces produced it?)
 * Macapagal - **What is Caesaropapism? The idea of combining the __ power __ of secular government with the religious power, or making it superior to the spiritual authority of the Church; especially concerning the connection of the Church with government.
 * Macneill - **What’s an icon (besides the little picture that’s on your computer)? An icon is a religious piece of art that signifies or represents something either concretely or through analogy. The worship of icon's was a topic of dispute within the eastern Christian church, as some saw it as idol worship, while others did not. Iconoclasm was the destruction of icons, and the Byzantine Iconoclasm
 * Manivanh - **Why were icons an issue in the Christian Church? How was the issue resolved?- in christian churches they didnt want to worship God using an icon or idol so in christian churches they didnt use idols or icons.
 * Mendez - **What are the differences between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy? Even though the both Jesus himself founded both of their Churches, but they are both are structured and organized very diffrently. Catholics emphasized tradition and law of Christanity and Easter Orthodoxy emphasized more on the history and roots of Christianity.
 * Muhney - **What caused the Great Schism of 1054?
 * Munzlinger - **How many Patriarchs governed the Christian Church (prior to 1054), and where were they located?
 * Nachtergaele - **Who led the Crusade of 1204 and what impact did it have on Constantinople?
 * Ortega - **What is the importance of the Battle of Manzikert (1071)? this battle is important because the Seljuk Turks took the heartland of the byzantine empire, Anatolia. This conquest led by Sultan Alp- Arslan from the Seljuk Turks marked the beginning of the fall of the Byzantine Empire as a strong military contender. Also, the emperor at the time Romanus IV Diogenes was taken prisoner, causing the citizens and military to lose their ruler and guidance. After this conquest the Byzantines were never able to recover and finally the empire fell around 1453. **Madi Ortega**
 * Park - **Who were Cyril and Methodius and why are the significant?

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The present territory of Tatarstan was inhabited by the Volga Bulgars who settled on the Volga river in the 7th century AD and converted to Islam in 922 during the missionary work of Ahmad ibn Fadlan.[citation needed] After the Mongol invasion, Bulgaria was annexed by the Golden Horde. Most of the population survived, and there may have been a certain degree of mixing between it and the Kipchaks of the Horde during the ensuing period. The group as a whole accepted the exonym "Tatars" (finally in the end of the 19th century; although the name Bulgars persisted in some places; the majority identified themselves simply as the Muslims) and the language of the Kipchaks; on the other hand, the invaders eventually converted to Islam. As the Horde disintegrated in the 15th century, the area became the territory of the Kazan khanate, which was ultimately conquered by Russia in the 16th century. Manorialism: Lord was given land and people on it. The people, peasants or serfs, worked for a certain quota and they in turn had protection. Monasticism: Monks/nuns devote themselves to a spiritual life in the ways of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, etc. Scholasticism: dominant Medieval philosophical approach (not much new -- just restated Greek philosophy). Feudalism: Person got land in exchange for labor. Much like manoralism. -Gisela Ponce He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in development or refutation of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. The works for which he is best known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa contra Gentiles. Thomas is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church and is held to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology. In modern times, under papal directives, the study of his works was long used as a core of the required for those seeking ordination as priests or deacons, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (Catholic philosophy, theology, history, liturgy, and canon law) - There were 9 Crusades in total, the First, Third, and Sixth ones were successful, and a few others could be argued either way who won. Most of the Crusades were played off as "Defeat the Muslim infidel!!!!!!" However many of them had alternate causes such as the Second Crusade, caused by the fall of the county of Edessa. Crusades ended up eventually gaining control of the areas of modern day Israel, Palestine, extending into Egypt and the like, the creation of the Latin empire may or may not be worthy of mention too. Most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots. The investiture controversy began as a power struggle between Pope Urban II and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1056-1106). The main problem was Pope Urban II’s right to conferring the pope’s authority and symbols of a high office to bishops and kings. As a result of the pope’s authority being challenged, the controversy became known as the “Investiture Contest”. [|[][|2][|]] Although the principal conflict began in 1075 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a brief but significant struggle over investiture also occurred between Henry I of England and Pope Paschal II in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles between church and state in France as well. The entire controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. By undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany, and the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, until Imperial power was reestablished under the Hohenstaufen dynasty. In the year 800 A.D, Charlemagne had gone to Rome to help put the affairs of the church in order. On Christmas Day, in 800 A.D, while knelt in prayer in Saint Peter's, the pope crowned Charlemagne emperor by placing a gold crown on his head. This was the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire. To the Byzantines, this was outrageous. They felt that the pope had committed a serious breach of faith, as they looked on Charlemagne as a barbarian. This act proved how closely the church and the government were tied. For a short time, Charlemagne was able to restore the Western Roman Empire, while at the same time continuing to govern as king of the Franks and Lombards. Charlemagne believed that the government should work to benefit those it was serving and was continually working for reforms that would improve the lives of the people. He set up money standards to encourage commerce, urged better farming methods, and worked to encourage and spread education. The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France for control of the French throne. Many allies of both sides were also drawn into the conflict. The war had its roots in a dynastic disagreement dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, who became King of England in 1066 while retaining possession of the Duchy of Normandy in France. As the rulers of Normandy and other lands on the continent, the English kings owed feudal homage to the King of France. In 1337, Edward III of England refused to pay homage to Philip VI of France, leading the French King to claim confiscation of Edward's lands in Aquitaine.
 * Phillips - **What areas of Europe were converted to Roman Catholicism, and what areas were converted to Orthodoxy? Roman Catholicism in West (Holy Roman Empire) and Orthodoxy in East (Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire) -Gisela Ponce
 * Podsednik - **Who were the Seljuk Turks? - Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia. The Seljuqs established both the Great Seljuq Empire and Sultanate of Rum, which at their total height stretched from Anatolia through Persia, and were targets of the First Crusade.
 * Ponce - **Who were the Ottoman Turks? Turkish-speaking people of the Ottoman Empire. Their Turkish name is Osmanli (named after Osman I who ruled from 1299-1326 and founded the dynasty that ruled over the Ottoman Empire for 624 years. At one point they took over Constantinople and this blocked European trade routes. (more on subject later).
 * Raison - **What is //Kievan Rus//? On what was its economy based? What were its cultural influences?- A federation of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid 13th century. Decline began in the late 11th and during the 12th century; trade, taxation, and agriculture ;cultural influences consisted of religion (especially Orthodox Christianity), the religious, and examples set by the Byzantine Empire
 * Reschreiter - **//Kievan Rus// was founded by Slavic peoples and Norse traders from Scandinavia. We more commonly refer to these traders as…? VIKINGS!
 * Thomas - **If the Roman Empire was the first Rome, and the Byzantine Empire was the Second Rome, who was the Third Rome? - ** Kievan Rus' is considered the third Rome .**
 * Yakubek - **What are the similarities between Russia and the Byzantine Empire? Kievan Rus' inherited cultural aspects from the Byzantine Empire. In a way it was the successor of the Byzantine Empire . They were both in Eastern Europe. They shared the same religion (Orthodox Christianity) and Russia continued the Byzantine Empire's type of architecture.
 * Adkins - **<span style="color: #6300ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Who were Rurik, Vladimir, Yaroslav? Rurik - (c. 830 – c. 879) was a Varanigan chieftain who gained control of Ladoga in 862, built the Holmgard settlement near Novgorod, and founded the Rurik Dynasty, which ruled Kievan Rus (and later Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia) until the 17th century. Vladimir - (c. 958 – 15 July 1015) was a prince of Rus, grand prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus from 980 - 1015. Yaroslav -
 * Aguirre - **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">What led to the demise of Kievan Rus? <span style="color: #008800; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Rival princes fought over title, Asian invaders, the Decline of Byantium (less trade and wealth). In 1237-1240 and 1240-1241, 2 invasions my Mongols. Under TarTar control for 2 centuries
 * Ali - **Who were the Tatars?
 * Anthony - **What’s a moldboard? Why is it significant enough to make my review sheet?
 * A moldboard is a curved iron plate attached above a plowshare to lift and turn the soil. It was an agricultural innovation that made preparation of soil for crops more efficient and easier. Also, the development of the moldboard creates an increase in food production which aids in the growth of population. More food equals more people. **
 * Barner - **Differentiate between manorialism, monasticism, scholasticism, and feudalism?
 * Brown - **Who is St. Thomas Aquinas, and what does he do to the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages? - Thomas Aquinas, OP (28 January 1225 – 7 March 1274), also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, was an Italian Dominican friar and priest and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, within which he is also known as the "Doctor Angelicus", "Doctor Communis", and "Doctor Universalis". "Aquinas" is the demonym of Aquino, his home town.
 * Carroll - **What were the causes of the Crusades? What were the impacts of the Crusades? How many were there? Which ones were successful?
 * Casper - **What’s a serf? (besides waves at the beach) An<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.5;"> agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.
 * Consolver - **What is investiture, and why was it so controversial?
 * Coville - **Charlemagne established the Holy Roman Empire…Why? How? What happened after that?
 * Davis - **What’s the significance of the 100 Years War