Unit+02+Review+-+Greece+and+Rome

Questions for Classical Greece and Rome AP World History – Fall [A] __Directions__: Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper (You don’t have to rewrite the questions, but it would be nice if you could number them correctly). The Identification Questions are there for your edification only, you don’t **HAVE** to answer them, but it will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. = Identification: = **Lee -** The Gracchi Brothers: The Gracchi Brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Roman brothers who tried to reform Rome's social and political structure to help the lower __ __ in the 2nd century BC. The brothers wanted to redistribute land in order to give land to the free and unemployed peasants. They proposed that the government seize the land that the rich and powerful landowners illegally owned and redistribute it to the poor farmers. Of course, the landowners did not want to lose their land, so Tiberius was killed in a riot. Gaius formed a coalition with other peasants and had some success with their campaign. Enraged, the landowners had Gaius killed. Caligula: He is also known as Gaius, one of the Gracchi Brothers mentioned above. He was the 3rd Roman Emperor from 37AD-41AD. He is from the Julio-Claudian Dynasty. Although he was a noble and moderate ruler for the first 6 months, he later became cruel, extravagant, and sexually perverted, and insane tyrant (The reliability of this source has been called into question). During his reign he greatly increased the personal __ __ of the emperor and annexed the Kingdom of Mauretania. Also he constructed ambitious projects, his personal dwelling, and aqueducts. He was the first to be assassinated. **Lewis -** Tacitus: 1. He was a senator in Rome 2. (MOST IMPORTANT) Roman historian who examined the reigns of Roman emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, and those who reigned during Rome's Year of the Four Emperors (69AD) in his two most important books, the Annals and the Histories. a. spanned from the death of Augustus in 14AD to the years of the First Jewish-Roman War in 70AD b. there are a lot of gaps in his books (especially the Annals) because of weathering and decay 3. One of the greatest Roman historians 4. Lived in what has been called the Silver Age of Latin Literature -Gisela Ponce :P born in 56 A.D. in modern day France. was a senator, a counseler, and governer. **Li -** Odovacer: 1. German soldier who became the first King of Italy in 476AD 2. His reign is seen as the mark of the end of the Western Roman Empire 3. He had support of the Senate and gave land to his followers with little opposition 4. Led revolt of Herulians, Rugians, and Scirians against the Romulus Agustulus and deposed him on September 4th 476AD -Gisela Ponce :P **Lupai -** Alaric King of Visigoths 395-410AD; captured Rome in 410~Jennifer Yakubek. When diverted by Roman forces on his way to Constantinopal, he went to Greece and destroyed many great Greek cities. -Gisela Ponce :P = One night, not long after he became king, Alaric had a very strange dream. He thought he was driving in a golden chariot through the streets of Rome amid the shouts of the people, who hailed him as emperor. This dream made a deep impression on his mind. He was always thinking of it, and at last he began to have the idea that he could make the dream come true. To be master of the Roman Empire, he said to himself, that is indeed worth trying for; and why should I not try? With my brave soldiers I can conquer Rome, and I shall make the attempt. So Alaric called his chiefs together and told them what he had made up his mind to do.- Hekim L --- changed color cant have red :) Coville =

**Macapagal -** Romulus and Remus are twin brothers that were abandoned by there parents as little babies. The parents put them in a basket and let them float away in the tiber river where a female wolf found and nurtured them.Then a shepherd found them and brought up the twins. When they became adults they decided to make a city where the wolf found them. The brothers fought and ultimately remus was slain my romulus. This left romulus as the sole founder of the city and so he named it rome! **MacNeill -** Nero was the last Roman emperor during the Julian-Claudian dynasty and ruled from 54 to 68 CE. During his rule, he cut taxes for the primary purpose of increasing his popularity with the poor. He was extremely __ __ hungry, freeing himself of advisers and eliminating anyone he thought might pose as a threat (This includes him having his stepbrother poisoned and his mother executed). During his rule, Rome went to war with the Parthian Empire for control of Armenia. One of Nero's favorite pastimes was burning Christians in his garden, which he would often do at night for light. ==== **Manivanh -** Claudius- He was the first roman emperor born out of Italy. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. His family often excluded him from public offices due to his limp and slight deafness caused as a child. Claudius had some accomplishments such as adding Mauretania, Lycia, and Thrace to the roman empire. Exended roman citizen rights to many provinces allowing more people, especially men from Gaul, to be able to join the senate. Engaged in building programs, building aqueducts to bring water into Rome. Became emperor in AD 41 after Caligula's Death.Claudius died of poisoning in AD 54. ==== Claudius was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul and was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy. Because he was afflicted with a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, his family ostracized him and excluded him from public office until his consulship shared with his nephew Caligula in 37.Claudius' infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges of Tiberius and Caligula's reigns; potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to his being declared Emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's assassination, at which point he was the last adult male of his family.Despite his lack of experience, Claudius proved to be an able and efficient administrator. He was also an ambitious builder, constructing many new roads, aqueducts, and canals across the Empire. During his reign the Empire conquered Thrace, Noricum, Pamphylia, Lycia and Judaea, and began the conquest of Britain. Having a personal interest in law, he presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day.He was seen as vulnerable throughout his reign, particularly by the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position; this resulted in the deaths of many senators. These events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised this opinion. Many authors contend that he was murdered by his own wife. After his death in 54, his grand-nephew and adopted son Nero succeeded him as Emperor .---Coville

**McCuren -** Caesar Augustus: Used to be called Octavian; 63BC to 14 AD; first emperor of Rome; adopted in the will of great-uncle Julius Caesar; gained supreme __ __ from defeat of Marc Antony in 31 BC; in 27, he was given the title of Augustus (venerable) and then became emperor ~Jennifer Yakubek He also promoted arts and literature and through his efforts Athens became the educational and cultural center of the Ancient Greek world. He beautified the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people. Fathered Athenian democracy.

**Mendez -** Julius Ceasar- First Emperor during the Julian-Claudin dynsaty. He reigned the roman reblublic for about five years 49 B.C.E to about 44 B.C.E when he was brutally assainated. During his time as consul he mad a political alliance including Crassus and Pompey which they were unstoppable. Pompey was the general with the army and Crassus had alot of economic __ __ and with Ceasar as consul they dominated politics. Everything was to good to be true, eventually Crassus died and following that Pompey went back to the senate opposing Julius Ceasar. Pompey and the Senate both requesting Ceasar to give up his power, Ceasar still had his army to back him up. Concluding that he marched back in to Rome regaining power not as only consul or a general but now he turned the Roman republic into a tyranny ruled civilization. Yet shortly following that his senate assinated him because of his tyranny. **Muhney -** The Huns were a group of nomadic people who first appeared in Europe from east of the Volga River, region of the earlier Scythians, with a migration intertwined with the Alans. They were first mentioned as Hunnoi by Tacitus. Initially being near the Caspian Sea in 91 AD, the Huns migrated to the southeastern area of the Caucasus by about 150 AD and into Europe by 370 AD, where they established a vast Hunnic Empire. Since de Guignes linked them with theXiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns. Priscus mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun Pax, including Gothic (East Germanic), which was widely used as a lingua franca in the Hunnic territories. Their main military technique was mounted archery.

The Huns may have stimulated the Great Migration, a contributing factor in the collapse of the western Roman Empire. They formed a unified empire under Attila the Hun, who died in 453; their empire broke up the next year. Their descendants, or successors with similar names, are recorded by neighbouring populations to the south, east, and west as having occupied parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia approximately from the 4th century to the 6th century. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th century.

**Munzlinger -** The Ostrogoths: were a branch of the later Goths The Ostrogoths, under Theoderic the Great, established a kingdom in Italy in the late 5th and 6th centuries. The Ostrogoths traced their origins to the Greutungi and a semi-legendary kingdom north of the Black Sea in the 3rd and 4th centuries. They were part of the Invasion of Rome. Invading southward from the Baltic Sea, the Ostrogoths, at the time known as the Greuthungi built up a huge empire stretching from the Dniester to the Volga River and from the Black Sea to the Baltic shores.[dubious – discuss] The Ostrogoths were probably literate in the 3rd century, and their trade with the Romans was highly developed. Their Danubian kingdom reached its zenith under King Ermanaric, who is said to have committed suicide at an old age when the Huns attacked his people and subjugated them in about 370. .>:]

=**Nachtergaele -** The Visigoths: the visigoths were the eastern version of the above ostrogoths. They started to invade the roman empire as it started it's decline in 268 AD. They took over several provinces in Italy until being defeated near the present day slovenian border. The visigoths then retreated to Dacia, a territory they had already successfully taken over. After these occurrences the visigoths and romans held a somewhat mutual peace up until 376 AD. In 376, there were wars underway called 'The Gothic Wars'. This was the period wherein the Huns started invading the previous roman invaders: the visigoths. Therefore, after 100 years of peace, the visigoths asked the romans if they could take refuge somewhere in the roman empire. The romans agreed but they did not allow them to settle in, making them nomads once again. This was a problem once famine struck and the romans wanted the visigoths to leave again. This resulted in revolt and the basic complete destruction of the Balkans. In the following years though, peace was slowly regained and the visigoths found a loophole and they started joining the roman army, then being able to have their families settle. This was fine with the current emperor, Theodosius, but once he passed and his sons took the throne, they had all visigoths that had found the loophole and their families killed. This caused the visigoth king, Alaric, to declare war, and he took over Rome with his army, finally destroying the Western part of the roman empire. They stayed there in complete peace until 507 when they started losing some battles once again. Then by 718, the visigoths had lost all their land to the Muslims whom were taking over the entire area at the time. = -Alessio Nachtergaele **Ortega -** Anglo-Saxons- were German people that invaded Great Britain(during Roman control) during the 5th century. They took control of Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066 a.d. These people came from tribes in Germany called the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Angles and Saxons married into different dynasties to increase their political and territorial control and Rome ran out of resources within the region to keep control. Emperor Honorius of Rome left what control he had in Britain (around 380-410 AD) to the invaders and focused on his crumbling empire. **Madi Ortega**

**Park -** Diocletian was a Roman emperor ruling from 284 to 305 AD. He was known for putting an end to the disastrous phase known as the "Military Anarchy" or the "Imperial Crisis", or the "Crisis of the Third Century". He established an obvious military despotism or autocratic government and was responsible for laying the groundwork for the second phase of the Roman Empire which was known as the "Dominate," the "Tetrarchy," the "Later Roman Empire," or the "Byzantine Empire."(Tetrarchy=four emperors for one empire). He also divided the Roman empire into two sections because he thought it would be easier to rule. His reforms ensured the survival of the Roman Empire, in the East, for thousands of years. He focused on stripping any facade of republicanism and aimed reforms economically at hyperinflation. ~ Toby Park (Repasted as a mistake on Cameron Carroll's part, so no fancy colors)--Cameron Carroll **Phillips -** The Tetrarchs - demonstrates tetrarchy (a group of four rulers). The tetrarchs were two pairs of emperors, a pair of Augustus or senior leaders, and Caesars or "leaders in training." The tetrarchy was first established by Emperor Diocletian The statue is made of red Egyptian porphyry, a tough purple stone composed of larger crystals. The statue was taken from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204 and then moved to Venice, Italy where it still stands today. We are uncertain who the tetrarchs are exactly, but they are most likely Diocletian, Augustus, Galerius, and Julius Constantius or Constantine and his three sons. **Podsednik -** Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great. his writings cover physics, metaphysics,poetry,theatre, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, ethics, biology and zoology. Along with Plato and Socratees, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in western pholosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of western philosphy, encompassing ethics, aesthetics, logic, science, politics and metaphysics. His views on physical sciences shaped midieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, even though they were eventually replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological studies, some of Aristotle's observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th cetury. Aristotle's works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was eventually incorporated in the lage 19th century into modern formal logic. **Ponce -** Socrates: 1) Lived from 469BC to 399BC (70 years -- quite a bit for the time period). 2) An Athenian philosopher from classic Greece. 3) Considered to be one of the major founders of western philosophy. 4) Plato was a student of his. 5) Contributed to field of ethics. 6) Made Socratic irony and, most importantly, the Socratic Method (elenchus). a) Socratic Method: Basically asking questions so that you have to think through it more (critical thinking). Mr. Wooley uses this method. 7) Was executed because he was “corrupting” the minds of Athenian youths and for not believing in the gods of the state. a) He asked to be killed rather than exiled (sarcastically) and the jury gave him just that. b) Made him drink something with poison hemlock inside.
 * Raison - ** Plato: Born: 428 BC Died: 347 BC Classical Greece philosopher and mathematician. He the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western World. He was a student of Socrates and the mentor of Aristotle. He helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Some of his more noble ideas included: Theory of Forms, Platonic idealism, Platonic realism, hyperuranion, metaxy and khora. His main interests included but were not limited to: rhetoric, art, literature, justice, virtue, politcs, education, family and militarism.
 * Reschreiter - Alexander- was a king of Macedon, a state in northern Greece. He was born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders. **
 * Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He had been awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid empire, and ruled Asia Minor, and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugemala. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River. **
 * Seeking to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India in 326 BC, but was eventually forced to turn back at the demand of his troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs. **

He was one of the twelve spies of Israel sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan. After the death of Moses, he led the Israelite tribes in the conquest of Canaan, and allocated the land to the tribes. According to Biblical chronology, Joshua lived between 1355-1245 BCE, or sometime in the late Bronze Age. According to Joshua 24:29 (in the Bible), Joshua died at the age of 110. ===**Aguirre - ****The Achaemenid Empire - ** or First Persian Empire, was an empire in Western and Central Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great. The dynasty draws its name from king Achaemenes, who ruled Persia between 705 BCE and 675 BCE. The empire expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece, making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs. The empire had a centralized, bureaucratic administration under the King and a large professional army and civil services. delegation of power to local governments weakened the king's central authority, causing resources to be expended in attempts to subdue local rebellions. This accounts for the dis-unification of the region by the time Alexander the Great invaded Persia in 334 BCE. ===  c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC commonly know as Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Elder was founder of the Achaemenid Empire or the First Persian empire. Under Cyrus's rule, The Persian Empire expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of South West Asia, and much of Central Asia. Cyrus The Great created the largest empire the world has seen yet. The reign of Cyrus the Great lasted about 29 and 31 years. He built his empire by conquering the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire, and eventually the Neo-Babylonian empire. He died in battle fighting the Massagetae in December 530 BC. He was succeeded by his son Cambyses II, who managed to add to the empire by conquering Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule.
 * Thomas - **Phillip of Macedon- When Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece during the Peloponesian wars (431-404 B.C.E), kings from Macedonia (in the northern peninsula) soon conquered the cities. Phillip of Macedon won the crucial battle (338 B.C.E) and the Macedonian empire was extended through the Middle East, across Persia to the border of India, and southward through Egypt.
 * Yakubek - **Moses- c. 14-13th centuries BC; Hebrew prophet, lawgiver (same as a lawmaker?); According to the Bible, he was born in Egypt and led the Israelites to the Promised Land (sort of in the same general area as modern-day Israel) across a desert. On Mount Sinai, he was inspired by God to write down the Ten Commandments on stone tablets, hence the 'lawgiver' title.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Adkins - **<span style="color: #a800ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> Joshua: A figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel. He is the central character in the Hebrew's Bible Book of Joshua. According to the books Exodus, Numbers and Joshua, he became the leader of the Israelite tribes after the death of Moses; his name was Hoshe'a the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim,but Moses called him Yehoshu'a (Joshua) the name by which he is commonly known; according to the Bible he was born in Egypt.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Ali - ** Cyrus:


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Anthony - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes

__**Cambyses**__ was king of the Achaemenid dynasty in Anshan, Iran from c. 580 to 559 BC. He is the father of Cyrus the Great. Cambyses was wounded and later died in the Battle of the Persian Border against Astyages.

__**Darius**__ was the third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He is also called Darius the Great and ascended the throne by overthrowing Gaumata. Darius invaded Scythia, conquered Thrace, Macedon, and in 515 BC he conquered the Indus River valley. Under him the empire was divided into 20 provinces ruled by governors and Armaic was made the official language of the empire. The provinces were taxed and a new coinage system was introduced called daric to help regulate trade and commerce in the empire which led to increased government revenue, state bank and banking firms, irrigation projects, powerful navy, and public works such as canals, underground waterways. Darius was a believer of Zoroastrianism and Ahura Mazda.

__**Xerxes**__ (Xerxes the Great reigned 486-485 BC) was the fourth King of Kings of Persia and son of Darius. Xerxes built the Gate of all Nations and the Hall of a Hundred Columns at Persepolis. He fought in the Battle of Thermopylae in which Persia won. Due to unrest in Babylon, Xerxes was forced to send his army home to prevent a revolt, leaving behind an army in Greece under Mardonius, who was defeated the following year at Plataea. The Greeks also attacked and burned the remaining Persian fleet anchored at Mycale. This cut off the Persians from the supplies they needed to sustain their massive army, and they had no choice but to retreat. Their withdrawal roused the Greek city-states of Asia.

For more detailed info: [] Some other facts about it: [|http://www.history.com/videos/persias-royal-road#persias-royal-road]
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Barner - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Royal Road-- The Persian Royal Road was built by Darius the Great of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th Century B.C. It was built to facilitate rapid communication throughout the entirety of his Empire. It began in Asia Minor (around Lydia) and eventually split up into two routes, one going through the Silk Road, and the other going through the Persian capital Susa (in present day Iran). Taking its large size into consideration, there were many outposts built along the road for travelers/merchants to rest along their path. It was said that someone on a horse could travel about the whole road in about 7 days.

1. Name given to governors of provinces in Persia and then later in Persia's succeeding empires a. Sassanid and Hellenistic Empires 2. Often used in modern literature when referring to important governors or superpowers -Gisela Ponce :P and Coville (technical difficulties but we had about the same information) Middle English, from Latin satrapes, from Greek satrapēs, from Old Persian khshathrapāvan, literally, protector of the dominion First Known Use: 14th century
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Brown - ** Satrap(ies):


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Carroll - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Hellenistic Empire- <span style="color: #57ada7; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">The Hellenistic period is the period between Alexander the Great's Death and the emergence of the Roman Empire, At this time, Greek influence and culture was at its highest point in Europe, Africa and Asia, Many Hellenistic kingdoms were established at this time, in places in the Middle East and Northern Africa. Many cultural advances in areas such as the theatre, sculpture, science, philosophy and other arts happened at this time, pushing Greek civilization farther into those realms. (Sorry about the late post)


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Casper - ** Constantine, full name: Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus, was a Roman emperor who introduced religious tolerance into the roman empire. His reign lasted from 306 - 337 AD. He was a part of the military who rose to emperor. (as most do) He converted to christianity during his reign, and took great part in the Edict of Milan, a document that supported the tolerance of christianity. Eventually after his many military triumphs and reigning empiricism, Constantine fell ill and died on May 22nd, 337 AD.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Choate - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Punic Wars. The punic wars were the largest wars of their time. Technically there were 3. Fought between Rome and the Carthaginian Empire. Leader of cathaginians was Hanabal. Caused chaos around rome in third punic war for over 20 years. And By the end of the third war, the total loses consisted in the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers in both Rome and Carthage. At the end of the third war,Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and destroyed the city's entirety, with this becoming the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean. (In that era)


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Consolver - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Pericles Athenian statesman/general 495-429 BC; commissioned building of Parthenon in 447, presided over Golden Age in Athens; imperialist policy; masterminded Athenian strategy in Peloponnesian War~Jennifer Yakubek

[] Ancient Greco city state founded during the rapid rise of civilization in the Mediterranean around 650 BC. It began as a small village of dorian people and grew to be one of the most powerful city states. Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece and had a military oligarchy government in 333B.C. The state was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontid families, Although the people of sparta were known for great strength and toughness. From a young age, the people of sparta were trained to be warriors. The men were often fighting and the women had a lot of freedom,much more than the women of the other city states in Greece.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Coville - ** Athens is one of the oldest named cities in the world, having been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years. Situated in southern Europe, Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece in the first millennium BC and its cultural achievements during the 5th century BC laid the foundations of western civilization.During the early middle ages, the city experienced a decline, then recovered under the later Byzantine Empire and was relatively prosperous during the period of the Crusades (12th and 13th centuries), benefiting from Italian trade. Following a period of sharp decline under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Athens re-emerged in the 19th century as the capital of the independent Greek state. Athens is also the one who lost in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and its defeat made Athens no longer the leading city in Ancient Greece
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Davis - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Sparta

After [|the Persian Wars], the Greeks wanted to make sure they were ready if the Persians ever returned. The Greek city-states formed the Delian League. The league had about 200 members, each a city-state in Ancient Greece. The purpose of the Delian League was to put money into a shared treasury, to have on hand in case of war. It took money to make weapons and ships and to train men. The Greeks wanted to be ready to fund a war instantly. Athens guarded the treasury. Corinth probably would have been a better choice for many reasons. First, Corinth was famous for being good with money. They had a bank. They were not constantly at war with Sparta, as was Athens. Athens and Sparta simply could not get along. But Athens did not discuss who would guard the treasury. They simply started collecting monies from the other city-states, as well as from themselves. Corinth was not happy about this, but they did nothing to stop it. Sparta could care less who held the money - they just wanted it protected. Pericles was a young and talented Athenian. He was a leader. He encouraged his people to build a wall to defend the city of Athens from attack should one come. At the same time, he traveled to Sparta, and convinced the Spartans to grant a peace of 30 years, to give everyone in the Greek world a chance to recover from the Persian Wars. That success made him famous in the ancient Greek world. [|Pericles was a persuasive speaker!]
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Flores - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Delian League __**<span style="color: #c000ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">was an association of Greek city-states (members #ing between 150-173) whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece. This was founded in 478 B.C.E, and was under the leadership of Athens. The league was soon disbanded after the conclusion of the Peloponnesian war in 404 B.C.E. **__
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Gonzalez - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Pelopennesian War
 * ** Ancient Greece for Kids **

It was a time of great prosperity for the people of Athens. They were loaded with wealth. They were at peace. Art, poetry, philosophy - everything flourished. They built wonderful buildings on the Acropolis, the rocky hill overlooking Athens. They were happy. At first, Sparta was fine with Athens guarding the treasury. Athens only kept 1/60th of the money pouring in from the various city-states to pay for guards. They reported promptly to all the city-states on what money had been paid and by whom. But in a short amount of time, the treasury grew so large that even 1/60th of it was a lot of money! Athens grew rich guarding the treasury of the Delian league. One day, Athens and Sparta quarreled about something. Fuss fuss fuss - that was Athens and Sparta. It was an insignificant quarrel. It was not over the treasury. It was not over anything really. But this quarrel started a war between Athens and Sparta that lasted over 25 years - the Peloponnesian War. ||  || advertisement ||

One of those who died was the young leader Pericles. Things got a lot worse after that. Athens suffered from poor leadership, a lack of food, and continued illness. They were starving. The Spartans had the town surrounded. The Athenians could not get to their crops. Finally, in April, in the year 404 BCE, Athens surrendered. Despite the bitterness, the Spartans were generous. They did not level the town as Corinth and Thebes wanted them to do. Instead, they made Athens a satellite state under a Spartan oligarchy. It was the end of democracy. Ten years later, Sparta gave Athens her independence. Since her defeat, Athens had regained much of her old strength. But never again was ancient Athens the golden city she once was. Still, great thinkers and great teachers continued to live in Athens. In time, Athens might have rebuilt to her former glory, only time was running out for all the Greek city-states. To the north, in the country of Macedonia, a new king would soon be born. His parents would name him Alexander. The world would call him [|Alexander the Great]. || The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese attempting to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year. The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity. -Coville 1. Came from the Greek city-state of Athens a. Although other city-states also did this Athens was the most powerful 2. It was a unique form of direct democracy 3. Pericles was the greatest, longest lasting democratic ruler a. after his death Athens became an oligarchy 4. After the Peloponnesian War it was modified and restored under Eucleides 5. Again suppressed under Macedonia -Gisela Ponce :P Athenian democracy developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, comprising the central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, around 550 BC. Athens is one of the first known democracies. Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, nor as well-documented as that of Athens. Birthplace of democracy and also is where our idea of democracy comes from today. --- Coville The ordinary Spartan was essentially a warrior, trained to obey and endure; he became a politician only if chosen as ephor for a single year. He could be elected a life member of the council after his sixtieth year, in which he would be free from military service. At the age of twenty, the Spartan began his military service and his membership in one of the syssitia (dining messes or clubs), composed of about fifteen members each, of which every citizen was required to be a member. 1. Roman institution created in the early days of Rome a. it survived through even the barbarian rule of Rome 2. Mainly elected democrats that ruled this 3. Two consuls were elected each year to rule over Rome -Gisela Ponce :P
 * In the third year of the war, more than half the people in the city of Athens died – not from fighting - from illness. People from the surrounding countryside had fled inside the city gates, fleeing Spartan attacks. The city was not prepared for that many people to live in Athens. There was not enough food. They did not have a way to safely remove waste. It was a mess.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jones - ** Athenian Democracy
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lee - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Spartan Militarism; Sparta heavily emphasized creating a strong military. It was recognized as the leader of the Greco-Persian War because of its preeminent military. It defeated Athens during the Peloponnesian War, though at great costs. However, the Thebes defeated the Spartans in the Battle of Leuctra.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lewis - ** The Senate (I'm going to guess he means the Roman Senate):

The Century Assembly of the Roman Republic was one of the three voting assemblies in the Roman constitution. It was named the Century Assembly as it divided Roman citizens into one hundred different groups. However, during the years of the Roman Republic, the number of groups were increased to 197. The Centuries gathered into the Century Assembly for legislative, electoral, and judicial purposes. The majority of votes in any Century decided how that Century voted. Each Century received one vote, regardless of how many electors each Century held. Once a majority of Centuries voted in the same way on a given measure, the voting ended, and the matter was decided. Only the Century Assembly could declare war or elect the highest-ranking Roman Magistrates: "'Consuls", "Praetors" and "Censors" The Century Assembly could also pass a law that granted constitutional command authority, or "Imperium", to Consuls and Praetors"Law on Imperium", and Censorial powers to Censors "Law on Censorial Powers In addition, the Century Assembly served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases (in particular, cases involving capital punishment), and ratified the results of a Census.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Li - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The Assembly of the Centuries

Since the Romans used a form of direct democracy, citizens, and not elected representatives, voted before each assembly. As such, the citizen-electors had no power, other than the power to cast a vote. Each assembly was presided over by a single Roman Magistrate, and as such, it was the presiding magistrate who made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality. Ultimately, the presiding magistrate's power over the assembly was nearly absolute. The only check on that power came in the form of vetoes handed down by other magistrates. Any decision made by a presiding magistrate could be vetoed by a magistrate known as a "Plebeian Tribune". In addition, decisions made by presiding magistrates could also be vetoed by higher-ranking magistrates. --- Coville Jesus also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity, whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God. Christianity holds Jesus to be the awaited Messiah of the Old Testament and refers to him as Jesus Christ. The Romans saw Jesus as a political threat so he was crucified. They also didn't like the idea of a poor Jew walking around saying he was the Son of God. --- Coville
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lupai - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Jesus


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Macapagal - ** Paul of Tarsus who was originally named saul was one of the most important of early christian missionaries. Originally he started off as one of christianitys greatest enemies but then finally converted to christianity. He traveled through the ancient world taking thr message of salvation to the getiles.He made 3 long missionaries throughout the roman empire planting churches,preaching the gospel, and giving strength and encouragement to early christians. Out of the 27 books of the new testament he is credited to be the autor of 13 of them <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">MacNeill - **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Peter, James, and John - Peter, James and John are the three apostles Jesus took with him to witness his transfiguration on the Mount of Transfiguration.

> > > The existence of Moses as well as the veracity of the Exodus story are disputed amongst archaeologists and Egyptologists, with experts in the field of biblical criticism citing logical inconsistencies, new archaeological evidence, historical evidence, and related origin myths in Canaanite culture.[3][4][5] Other historians maintain that the biographical details and Egyptian background attributed to Moses imply the existence of an historical political and religious leader who was involved in the consolidation of the Hebrew tribes in Canaan towards the end of the Bronze Age. > > According to the Book of Exodus, Moses was born in a time when his people, the Children of Israel, were increasing in numbers and the Egyptian Pharaoh was worried that they might help Egypt's enemies. Moses' Hebrew mother, Jochebed, hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed, and the child was adopted as a foundling by the Egyptian royal family. After killing an Egyptian slavemaster, Moses fled across the Red Sea to Midian, where he encountered the God of Israel in the form of a "burning bush". > > God sent Moses back to Egypt to request the release of the Israelites. After the Ten Plagues, Moses led the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, after which they based themselves at Mount Sinai, where Moses received the Ten Commandments. After 40 years of wandering in the desert, Moses died within sight of the Promised Land. > > Rabbinical Judaism calculated a lifespan of Moses corresponding to 1391–1271 BCE;[6] Jerome gives 1592, and Ussher 1619 as birthyear.[7] Mosaic law is as followed It impacted western culture because most western laws are based upon Mosaic law. > The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity. -Coville) (~copied from the flashcard by meeee~ Jennifer Yakubek) >
 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * 1) ====  **Aguirre -** Who is Nebuchadnezzar? 1126–1103 BC, was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon. He ruled for 23 years and was the most prominent monarch of this dynasty. He is best known for his victory over Elam and the recovery of the cultic idol of Marduk. ====
 * 2) **Ali -** What is the importance of the Neo-Babylonian Empire?) <span style="color: #0041ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">The Neo- Babylonian Empire was a new re-emerged Babylonian empire under the rule of a ruthless king Nebuchadnezzar. People of this New Babylonian empire are referred to as neo-Babylonians. The importance of this Neo- Babylonian empire is that Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt canals, temples, walls and palaces of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar surrounded Babylon with a defensive brick wall that was 85 feet thick. The neo- Babylonian empire extended to the Egyptian border. It had a well- functioning administrative system. Nebuchadnezzar had to collect extremely high taxes and tributes in order to maintain his armies and carry out his building projects. Neo- Babylonian empire maintained the existing canal system and built many supplementary canals, making the land even more fertile, and trade and commerce flourished.
 * 3) **Anthony -** Who were the Persians, and what impact did they have on the West? (It’s always advisable to know your conquerors as well as what they conquered.) The Persian people are Iranian and part of the Indo-Iranian branch of the greater Indo-European peoples who speak the modern Persian language. Persians were ruled by a king and a bureaucracy led by Persian nobles. The Persian kings and nobility were Zoroastrians. Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires, and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire was the first Persian empire. Cyrus II became king of the small Persian kingdom of Anshan in 559 BC. Within ten years he had subjugated the eastern part of Persia. Cyrus II was now Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Empire. Cyrus II conquered the Lydians and most of Mesopotamia including the Babylonians. King Darius expanded the empire East to the Indus valley, West to Egypt, and North to Anatolia. He also instituted many economic innovations and reforms such as a taxation system, improved transportation routes, a 1600-mile Royal Road from Susa to Sardis ,an early Suez Canal, royal trading ships, promotion of agriculture, a banking system, and international trade.Persia was an economic powerhouse because of its hold on the Median Empire, Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, and gold-rich areas in India. The Persians were against the Greeks and their army took Thrace and Macedonia of Greece. Between 490 and 480 BCE the Persians waged war on the Greek city-states in the Battle of Thermopylae and Marathon. Persians are best remembered in the West as the antagonists in the dramatic Greco-Persian Wars. The most famous events from this period are the bridging of the Hellespont, land battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, and Platea, the great sea battle at Salamis, and the sacking of Athens.
 * 1) **Barner -** Who is Cyrus the Great? -- (576 B.C - 530 B.C) Cyrus II of Persia, or more commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire and ruled from 559 B.C to 530 B.C. At his time, he had created the biggest Empire the world had ever seen. Unlike most Emperors, Cyrus respected the culture and religion of the kingdoms that he conquered. He set up the empire to be a multi-state empire ruled by 4 different capital cities( Pasargadae, Babylon, Susa, Ekbatana. . Because of his policies of acceptance, he is viewed as a hero/leader to many. For example: the Jews, who were exiled pretty much everywhere else, except for Cyrus' Empire.It is said that he died while fighting in one of his own battles against another empire/state, which we don't see with many rulers in the B.C time period, or even today. For more info than you'll ever need: []
 * 2) **Brown -** What were the major religions that developed in the West? Judaism, Christianity, Islam ~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 3) **Carroll -** How does religion in the West differ from religion in the East? -<span style="color: #57ada7; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Eastern religions tended towards reaching peace, be it with oneself, or with the world and nature. Many of the religions also believe in reincarnation, or being born again after death, whereas in Western religions, generally monotheistic, reincarnation is a concept that is trumped or sometimes hardly touched upon.
 * 4) **Casper -** What is Zoroastrianism? "Monotheistic"-has 2 major and 6 minor gods; Persia; 6th century BC; founded by Zoroaster; focus on struggle between light and dark (good and evil, respectively) ~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 5) **Choate -** What were the major cultures the comprised early Greek civilization? in Greece there was a patriarchal society with no major religion. The government was centralized and the was a republic of individualized states.
 * 6) **Consolver -** Who is Moses? according to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an, and Baha'i scripture, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism;[1][2] he is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.
 * 1) **Coville -** What is Mosaic Law? How does it impact the development of Western Culture?
 * the Ten Commandments
 * Moral laws - on murder, theft, honesty, adultery, etc.
 * Social laws - on property, inheritance, marriage and divorce,
 * Food laws - on what is clean and unclean, on cooking and storing food.
 * Purity laws - on menstruation, seminal emissions, skin disease and mildew, etc.
 * Feasts - the Day of Atonement, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, Feast of Unleavened Bread, Feast of Weeks etc.
 * Sacrifices and offerings - the sin offering, burnt offering, whole offering, heave offering, Passover sacrifice, meal offering, wave offering, peace offering, drink offering, thank offering, dough offering, incense offering, red heifer, scapegoat, first fruits, etc.
 * Instructions for the priesthood and the high priest including tithes.
 * Instructions regarding the Tabernacle, and which were later applied to the Temple in Jerusalem, including those concerning the Holy of Holies containing the Ark of the Covenant (in which were the tablets of the law, Aaron's rod, the manna). Instructions and for the construction of various altars.
 * Forward looking instructions for time when Israel would demand a king.
 * Instructions for Proselytes and the Noahide Laws.
 * 1) **Davis -** Who is Jesus of Nazareth?- also know as the son of god and Jesus, he is the central figure of Christianity, Christianity refers to Jesus to be the awaited Messiah
 * 2) **Flores -** Who were the Jewish Patriarchs? // The Jewish Patriarchs were Abraham, his son Isaac, and Jacob (A.K.A. Israel), the son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham. During and following their lifetimes, they played significant roles in the Hebrew scripture, being used as significant markers by God in revelations and promises, such as Abraham making a covenant with God. They continue to play important roles in not only the Jewish faith, but also in the other Abrahamic faiths which are Christianity and Islam. //
 * 3) **Gonzalez -** Who were the founders of the Christian Church?
 * 4) **Jones -** Describe the growth of the Christian Church in the Mediterranean Basin. What factors led to its rapid growth?
 * 5) **Lee -** What was the Delian League, and what was Athen’s role in it? The Delian league, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, under the leadership of Athens. The purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Battle of Plataea. Pericles moved the headquarters to Athens. Shortly after its inception, Athens started to use the League's navy for its own purpose. This led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful city-states. Eventually it prompted the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. The league dissolved after the Peloponnesian War.
 * 6) **Lewis -** What was the Peloponnesian War? (The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese attempting to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC. This ushered in the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean War, or the Ionian War. In this phase, Sparta, now receiving support from Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia, undermining Athens' empire, and, eventually, depriving the city of naval supremacy. The destruction of Athens' fleet at Aegospotami effectively ended the war, and Athens surrendered in the following year.
 * 1) **Li -** What role does art and literature play in both Greece and Rome?
 * 2) The flourishment of literature was important during the cultural growth of the Hellenistic period of Greece, in which the prosperity of culture indicated the success of the classical civilization.
 * 3) Also, Literature in both Rome and Greece spread literacy, which supports the individual to study, stable law and economics, need by society with ppl of a higher education, and cultural background, which brings value to the production and consumption of literature. (However, Rome's literature was essentially a copy of Greek Literature)
 * 4) Grecian and Roman art(which, again, was adopted from the Greeks) depicted many geometric shapes. (The greeks, in particular, were influenced heavily by the Egyptian art, which also had many geometric shapes) Both the Greeks and the Romans put geometric patterns and pictures onto their vases, as well as putting high value on their sculptures.
 * 5) The vases of this time period are particularly important because the pictures and symbols on them usually depict an important moment in history (ex. wars)
 * 6) During the Classical Period, particularly in Rome, the art began to take on many realistic characteristics; portraits of people made use of shadings to create a more realistic image. The sculptures, as well, took on more realistic human form.
 * 7) The difference between Greek sculptures and Roman sculptures is that the Greeks used the sculptures to illustrate moments in history through the use of mythological allegory, while the Romans used a more documentary style.
 * 8) **Lupai -** Who was Pericles, and why is he significant in Greek history? He was an Athenian statesman/general 495-429 BC; commissioned building of Parthenon in 447, presided over Golden Age in Athens; imperialist policy; masterminded Athenian strategy in Peloponnesian War~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 9) **Macapagal -** How does family structure differ among the Greek city states? Greek society emphasized the importance of a tight family structure with the husband and father in control.In some family structures women could command a major place within a house hold if she has a powerful personality.
 * 10) **MacNeill -** What was the role of women in Ancient Greece? Although there were many stories written with women as the protagonists in ancient Greece, women did not have near as many rights as men. Wives were supposed to be subservient to their husbands, although they did have some influence around the household. Women's roles included being artists and working in agriculture.
 * 11) **Manivanh -** What were the significant battles in the Greco-Persian wars? How did they impact the development of the West?
 * 12) **McCuren -** Who were the principal emperors of the Roman Empire and when did they rule?
 * 13) **Mendez -** Who were the principal rulers in the Persian Empire? Also know as the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus the great. Cyrus set the bar for all of the other rulers of the persian empire. He built a very successful army, so massive that the arrows would block out the sun and it also included a highly trained elite group called the immortals. With his succesful military he conqured massive amounts of land. Another major leader of the pearsian empire was Darius the great. Darius was famous for revolutionizing the economy with the use of coins and a tax system. After Darius he had a son named Xerxes, who we remember from the movie 300. But Xerxes is famous for the victory and conquest at the battle of Thermopylae and almost destroying the greeks. Succeeding Xerxes was a chain of emperors named after him and Darius.
 * 14) ====== **Muhney -** What were the significant contributions of Greece to Western society? - The Greeks already had a form of democracy in 594 BC. Although it did exist, women, slaves and foreigners had no rights at all. They had huge contributions to mathematics and science as well as language and especially the Olympics. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle all came from Greece and many of their ideas are still around today. The Greeks are famous for their architecture and a lot of their main ideas, the basis for their buildings, are still around today. ======
 * 15) **Munzlinger -** What impact did the Germanic invasions have on both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire? They brought an end to the Middle Ages. They signaled the beginning of the Crusades. They resulted in a more powerful empire. They weakened Roman law and government.>:]
 * 16) **Nachtergaele -** What was the impact of trade on both the early and late Roman Empire? The impact of trade in the beginning of the Roman empire was that lots of the Egyptian culture was transferred to the empire, just like in the Greek rule, especially slaves, work ethics, etc. which had many positive impacts. However, near the middle and end of the empire, the trade actually had some negative effects. Not only did they start losing most of the important greek breakthroughs, not being able to maintain it all anymore, but they also started importing things such as smallpox and other diseases (obviously not on purpose though). -Alessio Nachtergaele
 * 17) **Ortega -** Land reforms play an important political role in classical civilizations. What is the history of land reform in the Roman Empire? The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were two important officials in the Roman Republic who introduced the idea of land reform to Rome. If you do not know what land reform is, it is the redistribution of land among people. These two brothers watched as the peasants of Rome were being forced to give up their land and then have to try to survive on what little they had. These sights caused the two brothers to propose a program to the government to limit the amount of land owned and also redistribute land holdings among middle lower class people. However, people don't like change therefore the two brothers were assassinated and their efforts failed.**Madi Ortega**
 * 18) **Park -** What is meant by the term “bread and circuses”? In ancient Roman times,when the populace were restless, the taxes too high, or when things weren't as smooth as they would like, the rulers would put on circuses for the workers. A circus in that time referred to spectacles such as Gladiators, men fighting beasts, warships fighting each other, etc. Bread refers to when the crowd were given free bread, hence when the town had "bread and circuses." (Fun fact: Modern times, "bread and circuses" is a term meaning something that is distracting from the real issue that needs to be dealt with. Not limited within government.) ~ Toby Park (again repasted from Cameron Carroll, no fancy colors)--Cameron Carroll
 * 19) **Phillips -** How is slavery addressed in both the Greek and Roman civilizations? How is labor in general viewed in both of these societies? Rome: not too horrible in some cases slaves helped emperors with government; Athens- somewhat similar to Rome; Sparta- slaves=DIE. | Labor wasn't for the rich/wealthy people ~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 20) **Podsednik -** In addition to the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, what other cultures existed in the Mediterranean basin during the Foundations time period? in addition to these cultures, the Kushites, egyptians, ethiopians, and Axum
 * 21) **Ponce -** What were the significant architectural accomplishment of the Greeks and Romans? The Romans and the Greeks made some pretty big architectural improvements. Greeks: They mostly built things with lots of columns. The Palace of Knossos was air conditioned without an air conditioner (remember that from class?). Most importantly there were 3 different styles or orders, each one bigger and more important than the next: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Doric- (developed by Dorian tribes) simple sturdy and relatively undecorated. Ionic- (developed by Ionian Greeks-- present-day Turkey) more delicate, slender columns with ornate features to it. Corinthian- (city of Corinth during classical period) much like Ionic only instead of Ionic's usual scrolls, there were leaves at the top of the columns. They mostly built temples for the gods. Romans: They developed the arch and later on the dome. They also made the first heavy-duty concrete that allowed water to be carried around by aqueducts. Romans were big engineers unlike the philosophical Greeks. They built coliseums, aqueducts, and even roads for their soldiers to travel on. The first aqueduct was used in Rome where, with this running water, up to one million Romans could live cleanly and safely in their homes. Coliseums were big for entertainment and could also have ships on water inside of them. Romans had a lot of architectural accomplishments.
 * 22) **Raison -** War plays a significant role in the development of Rome. What were the significant wars and battles that took place in the Mediterranean Basin? the Punic Wars; can't remember any others at the moment ~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 23) **Reschreiter -** – Who wrote what, when, and what was the topic? i.e. Aristotle wrote The Politics- a work of political philosophy. Plato wrote the Republic in 380 BC, it's a Socratic dialogue about the nature of justice and the order and character of the just City-State and the just individual. Herodotus wrote the Histories around 420-450 BC, it's about the general history of the world at the time.
 * 1) **Thomas -** What is Hellenism, and what impact does it have on the Western World? - Hellenism was the merging of Greek art and culture with other Middle Eastern form, which was between 323-31 BC. The Greek artistic, literary, architectural, mathematical, philosophical, and scientific accomplishments have greatly impacted the Western World. The Hellenistic period also was the first age of Western imperial expansion.
 * 2) **Yakubek -** What were the Greek and Roman contributions to Western Civilization? They contributed government/political ideas, such as democracy, art (sculptures, frescoes, friezes, plays), architecture (stronger concrete, Greece: theatres, temples, stadiums- Ex: Erechtheion, Parthenon, lots of famous temples| Rome: arches, domes-Ex: Pantheon, Colosseum (fun fact: aka Flavian Ampitheatre)), philosophy (Greece: Cynics, Epicureans, Skeptics, Stoics- Ex: Aristotle, Zeno, Antisthenes, Socrates, Anaxagoras, Plato| Rome: \none found\), mythology/literature (many stories from both still used in literature), medicine (Greece: Hippocrates (Father of Medicine, Hippocratic Oath)| Rome: Hospital type things for military), language (ROMAN alphabet (<-alpha+beta), English language (Ex: classical roots...), Romance languages), mathematics/science (Pythagoras (Greek), Euclid (Alexandria- it's complicated), Perseus the Geometer (not to be confused with the other one), Ptolemy (Greek), Hipparchus of Rhodes, Heron (Alexandria- just as complicated as Euclid)), athletics/sports (Olympics,Greece was the first civilization to incorporate sports into tradition, Rome: gladiators... influences literature, movies, hopefully not competitions). **Also, notice guys how most of this stuff is from Greece, not Rome. It's because the Greeks were the really enlightened ones with science and math basically taking over their lives, whereas the Romans actually LOST all this info, therefor having world history practically start over later on in time. The Romans attempted to keep records of Greek breakthroughs but actually destroyed them, so blame them for the world being soooo many years behind, technology and knowledge wise :P -Alessio Nachtergaele** Or maybe it's because of my slightly biased approach to the subject. BWAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! -Jennifer Yakubek
 * 3) ====   **Aguirre -** What was the role of law in Rome? What innovations did the Romans create regarding law? - Rome was first a Republic, then Monoarchy, then Dictatorship. During their Republic, they created the Senate which we still use today and The 12 Tables which included: Procedure for courts and trials, patriarchal families, legal guardianship and inheritance rights, aqcuisation and possession, lands rights and etc.. ====
 * 4) **Ali -** Describe the changes that occur in the Roman government from the time of the Republic to the movement of the capital from Rome to Constantinople? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Roman Republic had 3 types of government a monarchy, aristocracy, or democracy. All of these types of governments where all found united in Rome. They had a senate, a body of legislatures chosen from a group of high ranks. Rome was divided into two classes, the patricians a small group of aristocratic families, and the plebeians basically everyone else. Each year the senate would chose from among its ranks 2 co- consuls to serve as the chief executives of Rome. When Constantinople became the capital of Rome, The Constantinople people viewed the emperor not just as the head of the government but as a living representative of God and Jesus Christ. This meant that the church and the state were combined into one all powerful body.
 * 5) **Anthony -** What factors led Diocletian to divide the Roman Empire and establish the Tetrarchy? 1) unstable government 2) frequent assassinations of Roman emperors 3) civic problems 4) military problems <span style="color: #1bc096; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Diocletian created the Tetrarchy in order to establish a stable government, reduce the probability of being assassinated, unite the Roman empire, and solve civic and military problems.
 * 6) **Barner -** What were the different social classes that existed in the Roman Empire? How well did they coexist, and what concessions were made by the upper classes to placate the lower classes? --- In classical Rome, there were 3 main social classes: The Upper Class, the Lower Class, and then the Slaves. The class that you were put into was determined by wealth. The Upper Class, or patricians, consisted of wealthy land owners, people who worked for the government, the Senate, and the like. The Lower Class, or the plebeians, consisted of the common people, skilled or unskilled workers, freed people, shopkeepers, craftspeople, etc. The Slave Class isn't really a class at all, considering that they had absolutely no rights whatsoever. They were used by all the other classes, mainly by anyone who could afford to own one. They were mainly used for either household chores or forced labor, like the Chinese did with the Great Wall . There wasn't that much conflict between the social classes, considering that you could just move up by earning more money, getting a better job, or just going to work for the government.
 * 7) **Brown -** What were the impacts of the Hellenistic Empire on the Mediterranean Basin in particular, and on Western civilization in general?
 * 8) **Carroll -** Compare Roman government with Athenian government. How are they the same and how do they differ? -<span style="color: #57aba7; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Rome had three parts to its government; central, military, and the provincial branches. The central government consisted of an emperor and his consul of advisors. Early on, the advisors were very informal, ranging from high-level aristocrats, to even trusted freed slaves. This later changed due to the general fact that humanity can be very unsavory when given power. The Roman military government is what ruled newly conquered territories until revolts and such un-loyal behavior stopped, then the troops stationed in the city became police, rather than soldiers. Finally for Rome we have the provincial branch, essentially the "state"governments we have now, local governments loyal to the large empire that decided their own taxes and some laws. ON THE CONTRARY! We have Athens; A democratic government easily swayed by satirical plays performed once annually, Athens elected its governing members much as America used to do theirs: White men, befitting of certain requirements could hold office and vote, were voted into three different political bodies of Athens; The Assembly, The Council, and The Courts. The Assembly and the courts had most of the power over the system, although the courts had stricter requirements for becoming a member. Both Athens and Rome had three branches of government, but where Rome had one ruling emperor, Athens had a mass of governors.
 * 9) **Casper -** What is the impact of Christianity on the Roman Empire? How does it compare with the impact of Buddhism on Han China?
 * 10) **Choate -** What is the impact of the Hun Migration on civilization? The Huns were able to invade many countries during their time reeking havoc on whatever was in their path. They pillaged cities and raped women. Their impact on civilization was not good for any civilization. And they played a part in the downfall of Rome.
 * 11) **Consolver -** What is the Tetarchy? The term Tetrarchy (Greek: "leadership of four [people]") describes any form of government where power is divided among four individuals, but in modern usage usually refers to the system instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Centuryand the recovery of the Roman Empire. This Tetrarchy lasted until c. 313, when internecine conflict eliminated most of the claimants to power, leaving Constantine in the West and Licinius in the East.
 * 12) **Coville -** What were the humanist philosophies of both Greece and Rome? How do these philosophies leave Greece and Rome open to growth of Christianity? Religion in Rome and Greece didn't have much to look forward to in the afterlife. There was a philosophy called humanism that emphasized living a full life without religion and many people tried to live like this. The philosophers of this philosophy classified gods as unknowable and irrelevant, thus they tried to develop morality based on humanity rather than divinity. Later, the philosopher Epicurus said that philosophy was the art if making life happy and encouraged the pursuit of pleasure in moderation.

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 * 1) **Davis -** How do the various religions – both Oriental and Occidental – compare to each other across a variety of subjects – i.e. tenets, views of the world, view of nature, the creation, salvation...
 * 2) **Flores -** What were the significant contributions of Rome to Western society? Politics: The Senate, Twelve Tables of Law | Architecture: arches, domes Historical records | Language: alphabet, words| gladiators| the idea of a republic ~Jennifer Yakubek (edited By Mark Flores)
 * 3) **Gonzalez -** What’s a barbarian? In the clash between sedentary and nomadic society, what advantages does each side possess over the other?
 * 4) **Jones -** What factors lead to the fall of the Roman Empire? What leads to the demise of the Han Empire? Are the two events related, and if so, how?
 * 5) What is Truth? Truth is a relative term for something. Truth is totally dependent on perspective. Every organism has bias. When humans wrote history, they incontrovertibly had historical bias. For example, Herodotus is sarcastically referred as the father of lies for "quoting eyewitnesses about things they could have never seen, inventing and manipulating factual material." Why would he? That is because he supports the Greeks. In order to ease the miscommunication from historical bias, historians should create separate history books that allow a particular group of people to understand history from THEIR point of view, not another group's point of view. For example, a certain race of humans may sense a certain color to be red. However, another race of humans with different eye cells (birth defects) may sense it as blue. The two race of humans learn differently, so they need different historical books to understand a concept. This means two textbooks need to be created: one for the "red" race humans, and the other for the "blue" race humans. (Kiyeon Lee)