Unit+03+Review+-+Islam

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= ** Questions for Islam ** =
 * You're welcome y'all. Gisela, Sha, Christian, Mark, Conner, and Mikko are working are butts off to finish this! **=====

= ** AP World History – Trimester [A] ** =

__ Directions __ : Answer the following review questions on another sheet of paper (You don’t have to rewrite the questions, but it would be nice if you could number them correctly). The Identification Questions are there for your edification only, you don’t ** HAVE ** to answer them, but it will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items.

= Identification:  =

====** Aguirre - ** **Ali** - Ali bin Abi Talib was the fourth Caliph (656-661 A.C) and the first cousin of the prophet Muhammad. born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, who raised Muhammad. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam. Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered Muhammad to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage. Whenever Muhammad was leader, he helped out like leading parties of warriors in battles, and carrying messages and orders. Ali was appointed Caliph by the Companions of Muhammad (the Sahaba) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan. He encountered defiance and civil war during his reign. In 661, Ali was attacked one morning while praying in the mosque of Kufa, and died two days later. Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad. This disagreement split the Muslim community into the Sunni and Shia branches. ====
 * Adkins - **Mohammad: A religious, political, and military leader from Mecca, who unified Arabia under a single religion which is Islam. He is believed by Muslims to be God's prophet and messenger; he is also believed to be God's last prophet sent for mankind. While non-Muslims regard Muhammad to have been the founder of Islam, Muslims consider him to have been the restorer of an original monotheistic faith of Adam,Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.

Sassanian Persian Empire and about 2/3 of the Roman Empire. It is stated that Umar was the one who set aside the Christian ban on the Jews and allowed the Jews to worship in Jerusalem. He was also one of the people who conspired against Islam and Muhammad, threatening to assassinate him and/or his followers. Click for more info on Umar! Sunni is the larger branch of islam,, and its adherents are refered to in arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa jama'ah. people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus of the ummah or ahl as sunnah. for short, in english, they are known as sunni muslims, sunnis, and sunnites. sunni islam is sometimes refered to as the orthodox version of the religion. sunni comes from the term sunnah, which refers to the sayings and actions of the islamic prophet muhammad as recorded in the hadiths.
 * Ali - ** Abu Bakr: Abu Bakr was the first Muslim caliph following Muhammad's death. He was called "Al Siddig" (the truthful) Abu bakr's caliphate lasted a little over two years. Though the period of his caliphate was not long, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, a remarkable achievement in its own right. He set in motion a historical trajectory that in few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. He was Caliph from 632- 634. He received no financial support from the Muslim community so he had to keep his job as a merchant on a part time basis, and he only loosely controlled the military commanders. Also Abu bakr's daugher Aisha was married to Muhammad so Abu Bakr was Muhammad's father in law.
 * Anthony - ** Uthman
 * Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of Mecca. He was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad and played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. Uthman reigned as caliph in the Rashidun empire from 644 AD – 656 AD. During his caliphate, the first Islamic naval force was established, administrative divisions of the state were revised, and many public projects were expanded and completed including thousands of new mosques. Uthman divided the empire into twelve provinces. Caliph Uthman directed several military expeditions to crush rebellion and re-capture Persia. Cyprus, Crete, Rhodes, and a part of Sicily were also captured during Uthman’s reign. **
 * Barner - ** Umar --- Known as one of the most powerful Muslim rulers, or caliphs, in history. He expanded the Islamic empire at a ridiculous rate, eventually having control of the whole
 * Brown - ** Sunni

the shia represent the second largest sect of islam, after sunni islam and comprise about 10% of muslims worldwide. shia is the short form of the historic phrase shiatu 'ali, meaning, followers, faction, or party of muhammads son in law ali, whom the shia believe to be muhammad's successor in the caliphate.shia islam is based on the Quran and the message of the islamic prophet muhammad attested in hadith. in contrast to other muslims, the shia believe that onl yGod has the right to choose a represenative to safegaurd islam, the Quran, and the sharia. defined by some adherents as the inner, mystical dimesnsion of islam, while others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existance that pre-dates religion.its essence has also been expressed by other religions and metareligous phenomia. -modern city in the hejaz region of western Suadi Arabia, and also the capitol of the Al Madinah Providence. Before the advent of islam, the city was known as Yathrib, but was later personally renamed ny muhammad. Medina is the second holiest city of islam after Mecca, and also the brial place of the islamic prephet muhammud. the power base of islam in its first century
 * Carroll - ** Shi’a
 * Casper - ** Sufism
 * Choate - ** Mecca- birthplace of Muhammed, islams most holy site, ruled by Muhammeds decendents for centuries, more than 15 million muslims visit the "holy city" every year.Most cosmopolitan and diverse cities in muslim world.
 * Consolver - ** Medina
 * Coville - ** The Five Pillars of Wisdom---Often called the 5 Pillars of Islam the first being Shahada/Shahadah, then Salah, Zakat, Hajj and Saum.

**Shahada/Shahadah** --- The main religious belief of all Muslim people and it is a declaration of their faith and is the belief that there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger.

**Salah** --- Ritual prayer five times a day facing Mecca

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**Zakat** ---This is about looking after other people. Each Muslim gives up a share of his wealth each year to provide for those less fortunate. The word zakat means to purify or cleanse. As the person gives up a share of his or her wealth they become cleansed from selfishness and greed. This money might be to provide for education, build mosques or helping the needy. =====

**Hajj** --- All Muslims have a duty to try to make a pilgrimage to Mecca/Makkah at least once during their lifetime. Very often whole families will save to send one person at a time. The people who make the pilgrimage wear an ihram which is made up of two sheets. The ihram must not be sewn. Also they wear special open shoes. This clothing is a symbol of peace and obedience to God.

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**Saum** --- This is all about Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islam calendar. It is special because it is when Muhammad began receiving the messages from God. For thirty days Muslims fast, they do not eat or drink during daylight hours. It starts when the new moon is seen at the start of the month and ends when the new moon is seen again at the end of the month. The fast is to remind them how difficult it is to be poor, hungry and thirsty in a hot place. It reminds them to thank God for his gift of the Qur'an/Koran. It also serves to make them think about the essentials and luxuries of life and so not be greedy. ===== - also the Hijra or Hijrat was the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina between June 21 and July 2 622 AD Its A journey especially when undertaken to escape from a dangerous or undesirable situation
 * Davis - ** the //Hegira//

-Sharia is the moral code and religous law of islam. Deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics, and economics as well as personal matters such as sexua intercourse, hygiene, diet, preyer, and fasting. There are two primary sources of sharia law- the precepts set forth in the Quran, and the example set by the islamic prophet Muhammad. -was a persian polymath, philosopher, mathemetician, astronomer, ane poet. he also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, mineralology, music, and islamic theology. outside of iran and persian speaking countries, khayyam has had an impact on literature and societies through the translation of his works and popularization by some other scholars. a legendary [|Persian] queen and the storyteller of // [|One Thousand and One Nights] //. The story goes that every day [|Shahryar] ( [|Persian] : شهریار‎, "king") would marry a new [|virgin], and every day he would send yesterday's wife to be beheaded. This was done in anger, having found out that his first wife was unfaithful to him. He had killed 1,000 such women by the time he was introduced to Scheherazade, the [|vizier] 's daughter.
 * Flores - ** Umayyad Clan, //a family based on the Quraysh tribe (merchant people), was one of the four caliphates (Islamic states set after death of Muhammad) that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca. They first came to power under the third caliph (supreme leader of a caliphate) Uthaman ibn Affan, but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan. It's Muslim conquests led the Umayyad clan to become the largest empire of it's time and the 5th largest overall in history when at it's peak of reign, covering 5.79 million square miles.//
 * Gonzalez - ** Sharia
 * Jones - ** Omar Khayyam
 * Lee - ** Scheherazade :


 * Lewis - ** Harun al-Rashid ruled from 763-809. many different cultural, religous and art aspects erupted and prospered during his reign. He established the ancient library called House of Wisdom. In 796 he moved his government to Ar Raqqah which is located on the middle of the Euphrates. He chose this area to advance in communication via Baghdad, Balikh, and Damascus. He could also control any rebellion in Syria (could be helpful now). During Harun's time he waged many campaigns against the Byzantine Empire. Unfortunately there was a revolution against him. he retreated to Khorasan and removed and arrested the leader that he appointed there. It was shortly before his death that he divided his empire between 2/3 of his sons; al-Amin and al-Ma'mun. This was very fortunate because it settled the opposing factions from one another and improved the relationship since they both had resources the other needed. -Jack Lewi s
 * Li - ** Ibn Khaldun- was an Arab Muslim historiographer and historian who lived from 1332 AD to 1406 AD. He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern historiography, sociology, and economics. He wrote the Muqaddimah (also known as Prolegomena in Greek) It influenced historians of 17th century Ottoman Empire, who used it to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. He is one of the greatest philosophers to come out of the Muslim world. He observed/theorized that after a civilization reached it's highest point, it is followed by it's downfall. He also outlined an early example of a political economy.

** Lupai - ** Ibn Battuta- Moroccan/Berber Muslim scholar/traveller, 14th century ~Jennifer Yakubek

 * Macapagal - ** dhimmis-is a historical term for a non-muslim citizen in the islamic state. These people had rights to residence in return texes were given. They didnt have to do all the things that muslims had to do.
 * Macneill - **// Zakat - // The pillar of Islam that requires Muslims to give charity to those who face financial hardships. It is thought that through giving charity, inequality can be eliminated.
 * Manivanh - ** Hajj- an [|Islamic] pilgrimage to [|Mecca]. It is one of the [|five pillars of Islam], and a [|religious duty] which must be carried out by every able-bodied [|Muslim] who can afford to do so at least once in his or her lifetime.-Mikko
 * McCuren - ** Damascus- is a town commonly know in Syria as Ash-Sham, nicknamed the city of jasmine. Capital and 2nd largest city in Syria. It is one of the oldest inhabited cities and is also major cultural and religious centers of the levant.-Mikko
 * Mendez - ** Abu al - Abbas- A famous Caliph during the time of the abbasid dynasty who transformed the movement to an actual dynasty.Yet to gain this power and to transform the movement, he eliminated authorites and higher ranking officals to get to the top.
 * Muhney - ** Mehmed II- March 30,1432-May 3,1481; known as el-Fātiḥ, الفاتح, "the Conqueror" in Ottoman Turkish; in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet; also called Mahomet in early modern Europe; Sultan of the Ottoman Empire twice, first for two years 1444-1446, second from 1451-1481; age of 21, conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, transforming the Ottoman state into an empire;continued conquests in Asia, Europe, and as far as Bosnia and Croatia;regarded as a national hero in Turkey
 * Munzlinger - ** Saladin ~ was the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition against the European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his __#|power__, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and other parts of North Africa. >:]
 * Nachtergaele - ** Richard I --> Richard I was mainly known as the King of England from July 6, 1189 until his death in April 6, 1199. This was his biggest accomplishment in his life but he was also the duke of many other places such as Aquitaine, Gascony, then Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Maine, and Nantes. He helped overthrow his own father, Henry II from the throne and took his spot. He was able to do this because he was a very big hero in the Crusades and Englanders adored him for that. Before he became king though, he had a very intense past. He was ruler/advisor of many different places as listed b4, but many problems arose there, as he was always disliked for some reason, surprisingly the main problem being his sexuality. He was known as predominantly homosexual and many people did not agree with this 'decision' of his. In England though, not many people looked into it and he was viewed as a very great ruler.
 * Ortega - ** Osman Bey- is an extremely important person because he founded the Ottoman dynasty! He was born in 1258 and was the leader of the Ottoman Turks but declared independence from the Seljuk Turks(that invaded the Abbasid dynasty). His empire gained control when the Mongols pushed Muslims westward into his territory and also when the Byzantine Empire declined the Ottoman Empire took its place. Bey's army consisted of Ghazis(fighters for Islam) and he is also looked at as a symbol in Ghazi tradition. He took over the land from the Byzantine Empire west to the Aegean Sea all the way East to the Black Sea in the region of Anatolia. Before he died he was focused on taking the city of Bursa from the Byzantines, although he didn't fight in the war, the Ottomans took the victory and this city was the new capitol for Bey's son to fight the Byzantines in Constantinople. **Madi Ortega**
 * Park - ** Harsha -
 * Harsha**, was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647 from his capital, Kannauj. He was the son of Prabhakara Vardhana and the younger brother of Rajya Vardhana, a king of Thanesar, Haryana. At the height of his power his kingdom spanned the Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujurat, Bengal, Odisha and the entire Indo-Gangetic Plain north of the Narmada River.

-Originally composed the Shannemeh, or the national epic of iran and the persian speaking world. originally composed for the princes of the Samanid dynasty, who were resposible for a revival of persian cultural traditions after the Arab invasion of persia in he seventh century. 1. It is a per-capita tax that is imposed on an Islamic state's non-Muslim citizens who also meet a certain criteria a. Islamic law b. Criteria: able-bodied adult males of military age who could be powerful 2. In return the non-Muslim people could practice what they wanted, have some political/personal independence (to some extent), would be protected by the Muslim state, and did not have to join the military or pay zakat taxes (obligatory to Muslim citizens as it is part of the Koran) was an Umayyad general who conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umyyad Caliphate. He was born and raised in the city of Taif. Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab enabled further Islamic expansion into South Asia.
 * Phillips - ** Firdawsi:
 * Podsednik - **// Ulamma- // also spelled ulema and aluma, and refers to the educated class of muslim legal scholars engaged in the several fields of islamic studies and Polymath. They are well versed in legal fiqh and are considered arbiters of sharia law, being islamic lawyers.a female islamic scholar is called a alimah.
 * Ponce - ** jizya:
 * Raison - ** Mahmud of Ghazni: third ruler of the abbasids dynasty; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of the Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression
 * Reschreiter - ** Muhammad Ibn Qasim:

A member of the Thaqeef tribe of the Taif region, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was Qasim bin Yusuf who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his __#|education__. Ummayad governor, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governance. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to Sindh. Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was Muhhamad bin Yusuf, governor of Yemen. Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion. Due to his close relationship with Hajjaj, Bin Qasim was executed after the accession of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.
 * Thomas - ** Muhammad of Ghur- ** was a military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan, he began the process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India, he also brought much of the Indus Valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control. **
 * Yakubek - ** Baghdad: Capital of Abbasid Dynasty; located in modern day Iraq (also the capital of said country); near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon; During Harun al-Rashid's rule, Baghdad was overrun by mercenary armies and were uncontrollable; Baghdad was captured by the Buyids in 945, then captured by the Seljuk Turks in 1055;Hulegu Khan (a Mongol) captured Baghdad in 1248 and destroyed the center of Islamic civilization (not necessarily in that order), the Mameluk Egyptians stopped the Mongols from going further west, but Baghdad was never able to recover as the center of Islamic civilization.
 * Adkins - **Sundiata: The founder of the Mali Empire and celebrated as a hero of the Mandinka people of west Africa in the semi-historical Epic of Sundiata .
 * Aguirre - ****Mansa Musa** - (1280 –1337), was the tenth Mansa, which translates as "King of Kings" or "Emperor", of the wealthy Malian Empire. He was a devout Muslim and made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Mansa Musa was a very rich king. He was said to have taken more than 500 people with him on the hajj, each carrying a staff of solid gold. When Mansa Musa passed through the Egyptian city of Cairo, legends say he gave away so much gold that the price of gold fell, and the economy was affected for more than twenty years. he also brought back ideas and things to Africa like mosques


 * Ali - ** Sunni Ali also known as Sunni Ali Ber or "Sunni Ali", was born Ali Kolon. He reigned from about 1464 to 1492. Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songai Empire, located in west Africa and the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty. Under Sunni Ali's infantry and cavalry many cities were captured and then fortified, such as Timbuktu (captured in 1468) and Djenne (captured in 1475). Sonni conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuku, especially those of the Sankore region who were associated with the Tuareg whom Ali expelled to gain control of the town.

** Barner - **// dar al - Islam //- dar-al-islam is a political ideology, which is used to describe an area or region of the world where the Islam religion has ascendance, or where Islam has dominance. It literally translates to "the home of Islam" or " the home of submission." > [|Mesopotamia], [|Caucasus] , [|Persia] , [|Levant] , [|North Africa] , [|Anatolia] , [|Gaul] and Greater Khorasan > 6 Culture > ** Mendez - **Who were the Ayan? abbisid beaurucrats >  **Ibn Sa'ad** (845) - //The Great Book of Classes// deals with the biographies of the prophet & his companions, & main traits of his mission  **Al Azraqi** (219/834) - //Chronicles of Mecca the Glorious// describes towns and cities  **Ibn Qutayba** (276/889) - //Hanbook of History// deals with pre-Islam and Islam Arabs <span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **As-Suli** - //History of Abbasids & Their Poetry// <span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Al-Tabari** - //History of The Apostles and Kings// <span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Abdus al-Jahshiyari** - //Book of the Viziers & Secretaries// <span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Ibn Khaldun** - //The Introduction// - attempt in trying to tell universal history in 6 chapters <span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Al-Makrizi** - //Kitab al-Khitat// <span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> **Ibn Taghribirdi** - //The Brilliant Stars in the Kings of Misr and Cairo// - events of Muslim arrival
 * Anthony – **// Shah Nama //
 * "The Book of Kings"- it is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE. It is the national epic of Iran (Persia) and the Persian speaking world. The Shah Nama contains 50,000 verses about the mythical and historical past of the Persian empire from the time of the creation of the world until the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century. **
 * Brown - ** harem- refers to the sphere of women in what is usually a polygynous household and their enclosed quarters which are forbidden to men. It originated in the Near East and is typically associated in the Western world with the Ottoman Empire. -Mikko
 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * 1) ** Carroll - ** What does Islam mean? It literally means "submission, the self-surrender of the believer to the will of one, true God, Allah". It is the monotheistic religion of the Muslims revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.
 * 2) ** Casper - ** Which areas of the globe were impacted by Islam? <span style="color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;"> The world was impacted by Islam, but the majority is in the middle east and east africa
 * 3) ** Choate - ** Who were the Bedouins? The Bedouin people are Arab nomadic tribes, that live in present day Egypt, Jordan, Saudia Arabia, and southern Israel. There ways of life have not changed over hundreds of years, but new technologies have improved their way of life. (new technological advances and medicens)
 * 4) ** Consolver - ** What clan controlled Mecca? Quraysh Umayyad clan -Gisela Ponce
 * 5) ** Coville - ** What was the Ka’ba? The Ka'ba also known as the Sacred House and the Ancient House is a cubic building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the most sacred sites in Islam. Al-Masjid al-Haram, the most sacred mosque in Islam, is built around the Ka'ba. Muslims are expected to face the Ka'ba during prayers, no matter where they are. Visiting the Ka'ba is part of the pillar of Islam the Hajj.
 * 6) ** Davis - ** What is the //Hegira//? Muhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina in AD 622, to escape persecution by the Umayyads in Mecca. He went to medina because he had friendly and accepting relatives there. Also marks the consolidation of the first Muslim community. Known as the starting point of the Muslim era.
 * 7) ** Flores - ** What was the Umayyad response to migration to Medina, and his subsequent success there? - The response of the Umayyad when Muhammad migrated to Medina and became successful, they saw him as an even bigger threat, and launched attacks on him and his followers in Medina. These attacks led to several battles and eventually their loss.-Flores
 * 8) ** Gonzalez - ** Identify the Five Pillars of Islam. Shahada/Shahadah, Salah, Zakat, Hajj and Saum
 * 9) ** Jones - ** What were the motivations of the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries? Spread Islam ~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 10) ** Lee - ** What territories came under Muslim rule? The Muslim conquests brought about the collapse of the [|Sassanid Empire] and a great territorial loss for the [|Byzantine Empire].
 * 1) ** Lewis - ** What happened to Islam after Mohammad’s death? (don’t take the easy explanation here, and say that it grew)- it was actually divided into the currently known Shi'ites and Shias. This was just because they were arguing over who should be the next leader/successor over Islam. This leads to a hard conflict in the future but until then it expanded mostly for the Shi'ites making the Shias a minority. do you mean sunni and shia? shi'ites and shias are the same thing.
 * 2) ** Li - ** What’s a Caliph? king/religious leader (theocracy)
 * 3) ** Lupai - ** What is the difference between Sunni and Shi’a Islam? Shia Muslims recognized Ali, Muhammad's son in law and cousin as his successor while Sunni Muslim's view Abu Backr, one of Muhammed's earliest disciples as his successor.
 * 4) ** Macapagal - ** What is the significance of Damascus?Is the center of a large metropolitan area. Choses to be the capital of the ummayad caliphate.
 * 5) ** Macneill - ** What is a Mawali? A Mawali is a term used to describe anyone who practices Islam and is not of Arab dissent. The term gained prominence as many Kurds, Persians and Turks converted to Islam during the Umayyad Caliphate (c. 661-750 CE).
 * 6) ** Manivanh - ** To where did the Abbasids move the political center of their empire? The Abbasids were a dynasty which controlled the muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258. They moved their political center to Baghdad. To get closer to the Umayyad dynasty which the Abbasids want to overthrow and later do.
 * 7) ** McCuren - ** What were the cultural, scientific, advancements of the various Muslim empires? How did (and do) those advancements impact other cultures – particularly the West. 3 Science
 * 1 Scientific method(
 * 2 Mathematics(
 * 3 Physics(
 * 4 Medicine(
 * 1 Art(
 * 2 Architecture(
 * 1) ** Muhney - ** What was the status of artisans in Islamic cities? Depending on what type of job you had depended on what your status was in the city. If you had a lower class job that wasn't deemed important by the higher ranking pople, you were looked down upon. If you had a job that took care of people, such as being a doctor or something, then there was a higher respect towards that person.
 * 2) ** Munzlinger - ** Why and how did the status of women decline under Islam? To evaluate the effect of Islam on the status of women, many writers have discussed the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabia, and their findings have been mixed. Some writers have argued that women before Islam were more liberated drawing most often on the first marriage of Muhammad and that of Muhammad's parents, but also on other points such as worship of female idols at Mecca.Other writers, on the contrary, have argued that women's status in pre-Islamic Arabia was poor, citing practices of female infanticide, unlimited polygyny, patrilineal marriage and others. >:]
 * 1) ** Nachtergaele - ** Compare the decline of the Abbasids to the decline of the Roman Empire. Why was the Roman decline more severe? The decline of the Abbasid era was MAINLY based off of internal corruption that had started most likely after the third caliph's reign whereas the roman empire declined MAINLY due to a combo of recent corruption, restless citizens, and population killing diseases. The Roman empire's decline was more severe due to the fact that at one point, there was an emperor that was in complete control whereas in the abbasid's, the caliphs were actually just puppets. Also, it took so much longer, therefore happening little by little for the abbasid empire to fall, whereas the roman empire collapsed all at once, first the western half, later on the eastern.
 * 2) ** Ortega - ** How do the Umayyad and Abbasid empires compare in political, economic, cultural, military, artistic, and scientific terms?
 * 3) political
 * 4) differences- the Umayyad Empire only lasted for about 100 years while the abbasid Empire lasted for around 500 years. In the Umayyad Empire women were treated with more respect unlike the Abbasid Empire in which their social status declined. The citizens of the Abbasid Empire were disgusted with the lavish lifestyle of the caliphs and started many revolts against them resulting in the succession to the throne problems and rule of a new caliph every few years
 * 5) similarities- both had caliphs to rule the empires after Muhammad's death.
 * 6) economic
 * 7) differences- trade was much more global in the Abbasid Empire than in the Umayyad empire resulting in more territorial expansion in the Abbasid Empire than in the Umayyad Empire. Even though non-muslims were accepted into the empires they had lower social classes than if they were muslims especially in the Umayyad Empire. The Abbasid Empire tried to include them more into the social classes.
 * 8) similarities- both did trade and it flourished in both Empires. both empires accepted non-muslims into the empires.
 * 9) cultural and artistic
 * 10) differences- the Abbasid Empire was much more advanced in the technology used to create the arches, paintings, and literature than in the Umayyad Empire due to the expansion and importance of knowledge in the Abbasid Empire rather than in the Umayyad Empire
 * 11) similarities- both empires were very interested in cultural things involving religion such as carving and painting on mosques and literature about Islam.
 * 12) military-
 * 13) differences- the Umayyad had a much better military than in the Abbasid reflecting the fact that the Abbasid empire became very lazy later on trying to deal with the succession of the caliphs.
 * 14) both militaries did conquest significant amounts of land. the Umayyad Empire had to start from the beginning and build an empire while the Abbasids just took over and used the remains of the Umayyad Empire.
 * 15) scientific
 * 16) differences- The Abbasid Empire was much more interested in learning new things and becoming knowledgable about learning things in science specifically rather than in the Umayyad Empire. The Abbasid Empire invented the objective experiment in chemistry and classifying things into animal,vegetable, or mineral, and also in math creating trigonometry with sine, cosine, and tangent. The Umayyad Empire built a highway system for trade and travel.
 * 17) similarities- both made achievements in making life better. **Madi Ortega**
 * 18) ** Park - ** What is the fictional account of the Abbasid court during the time of al - Rashid? //The One Thousand and One Nights.//
 * 19) ** Phillips - ** What is the result of the civil wars following the death of al - Rashid? Al-Rashid's sons Al-Mamun and Al-Amin fought after his death for the succession of the Caliphate. The 18 years it lasted is called the Fourth Fitna or Great Abbasid Civil War, and the result was that Al-Mamun became the new Caliph after smashing Al-Amin's army and beheading him. There were several revolts afterwards, and Al-Mamun had to make new military divisions and reorganize the political order by giving the Abbasid Dynasty less power and giving local dynasties more power. -Gisela Ponce
 * 20) ** Podsednik - ** What role did women play in Arab Islamic society? How did that compare to life before Islam? They were far more subservient to men and covered their faces. Before Islam, there was more equality and they did not have to cover their faces. They could not however, be warriors, the most honorable job one could have.
 * 21) ** Ponce - ** What was the harem? The harem was a sacred room for women where men are not allowed to enter. Usually in polygamous households. Originated in the Near East and is often associated with the Ottoman Empire. It was/is set aside specifically for women (and small children) who have privacy there. "Haram" (root word) means forbidden in Arabic and so Mecca is also a "harem" but instead of for women only it's for Muslims only (it is mostly known with the previous definition).
 * 22) ** Raison - ** What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward slavery? they believed that everyone should have a chance to become a full citizen
 * 23) ** Reschreiter - ** Why were the practices of seclusion and veiling seen as essential in Islamic society? Women were believed to be possessed of insatiable lust from which men had to be protected.
 * 24) ** Thomas - ** When did women usually enter into marriage during the Abbasid dynasty?- ** During the Abbasid dynasty women entered into marriage at puberty (legally set at age 9). **
 * 25) ** Yakubek - ** What was written by Omar Khayyam, and why is it significant? Omar Khayyam wrote the Rubáiyát (means 'quatrains'),which was a collection of about a thousand four line verses (=quatrain), so he basically wrote poetry. Significance: catch phrases from this literature are well known in the West, it combined the mystical and the commonplace (like other literature of the period), the author was much more concerned with finding the meaning of life and a path to union with the divine than other "less important stuff" like picnics with nice people.
 * 26) ** Adkins - **<span style="color: #00aeff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">What was written by Scheherazade, and why is it important?: Scheherazade; a symphonic suite composed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 1888. Based on One Thousand and One Nights sometimes known as The Arabian Nights, this orchestral work combines two features typical of Russian music and of Rimsky-Korsakov in particular with an interest in the East, which figured greatly in the history of Imperial Russia, as well as orientalism in general. It is considered Rimsky-Korsakov's most popular work. This was written to produce a sensation of fantasy from the Orient, this is important because it shows the cultural diffusion between Europe and the Orient.
 * 27) ** Aguirre - **<span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Who were the major Muslim historians, and what did they write?
 * 1) ** Aguirre - **<span style="color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Who were the major Muslim historians, and what did they write?

> === The Crusaders spread Christianity and gained alot of new technology such as medicine, science, math, and middle eastern spices from the Muslims. === > ** Coville - ** The Hindus found Islam impossible to absorb and soon realized that they were confronted by an actively proselytizing religion with great appeal to large segments of the Indian population. Partly in response to this challenge, the Hindus placed great emphasis on the devotional cults of gods and goddesses that earlier proved effective in neutralizing the challenge of Buddhism. > ** Jones - **What is Truth? Truth is the one answer to the question. Although people may misinterpret this, it will still be the same answer. Truth goes into three stages, The 1st being that it is ridiculed, the second stage being that it is violently oppressed and the last is that it is accepted as being self evident. -Flores Truth is a relative term for something. Truth is totally dependent on perspective. Every organism has bias. When humans wrote history, they incontrovertibly had historical bias. For example, Herodotus is sarcastically referred as the father of lies for "quoting eyewitnesses about things they could have never seen, inventing and manipulating factual material." Why would he? That is because he supports the Greeks. In order to ease the miscommunication from historical bias, historians should create separate history books that allow a particular group of people to understand history from THEIR point of view, not another group's point of view. For example, a certain race of humans may sense a certain color to be red. However, another race of humans with different eye cells (birth defects) may sense it as blue. The two race of humans learn differently, so they need different historical books to understand a concept. This means two textbooks need to be created: one for the "red" race humans, and the other for the "blue" race humans. (Kiyeon Lee) -Copy/pasted by Gisela Ponce > <span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #3c5fb8; font-family: Georgia,;">The spread of Islam throughout the African continent was neither simultaneous nor uniform, but followed a gradual and adaptive path. > > ** McCuren - **Who created the kingdom of Ghana and when? > ===<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Ghana was the title of the kings who ruled the kingdom. was controlled by Sundiata in 1240 A.D. which later turned in to the Mali empire. === > ** Mendez - **Who created the Songhai Empire and when- One of the largest Islamic empires in history located in Western Africa from the Mid 15th Centurty to 16 century. > ===<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">it impacted sub-Saharan Africa because trade brought Islam there. it also impacted them by uniting them together and developing a new style of Islamic beliefs be maintaining there old practices and adding the Islamic practices into there new daily routines. === > ** Ortega - **What were the gold and salt empires? The Gold and Salt Empires are the Empires of Ghana and Mali where salt and gold was traded. Ghana was rich in gold while Mali was rich with salt, so both empires traded and created routes for the gold and salt. The Wangaran people were in need of salt because it was so incredibly hot where they lived so they traded their gold from the land for salt so they could survive. This made Ghana a middleman from the trade routes where the salt and gold was traded and they became rich off of the merchants in the area. Taxes were applied to traders in the area and this Empire flourished on the wealth from merchants until decline from Muslim raiders that wanted to take control of the salt-gold trade routes and areas around it. **Madi Ortega**
 * 1) ** Ali - ** Who were the Buyids, the Seljuks, and the Ottomans? THE Buyids : A regional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under the name of sultan, kept Abbasids as figureheads . The Seljuks : Nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid Caliphs from mid 11th- century. The Ottomans : Turkic people who advanced from strong holds during the 1350's conquered large paet of the balkans, they also established a large empire from balkans that included most of arab world.
 * 2) ** Anthony - ** What group captured Baghdad in 1055? ** The Seljuk Turks, nomadic invaders from central Asia, captured Baghdad in 1055 from the Buyids of Persia. They were Sunni Muslims whose victories ended the threat of conquest by the rival Shi'i dynasty in Egypt. The Seljuk Turks also defeated the Byzantines which opened way to settlement in the Asia Minor by nomadic people of Turkic origins. **
 * 3) ** Barner - ** In what year was Jerusalem captured by the European Crusaders? Jerusalem was captured on July 14-15, 1099.
 * 4) ** Brown - ** Why was the First Crusade so successful? **The muslims political division & the surprise of the crusades assault**
 * 5) ** Carroll - ** What was the impact of the Crusades on the West?
 * 1) ** Casper - ** What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?  **The impact of the Crusades on** **Islam** ** was the advance of Islam into Europe by the Seljuk Turks, later the Ottoman Empire ended with the Crusades. Infighting among the various Muslims sects and empires stimulated by the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition coupled with the prerequisites for an industrial revolution found in Britain denuded the Middle east of resources at a critical time of development. In a sense the Crusades began the equivalent of the Dark Ages for Islamic empires. **
 * 2) ** Choate - ** What group captured Baghdad in 1258? Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops
 * 3) ** Consolver - **  How did Islam spread throughout In nd Southeast Asia? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Islam spread through south Asia by migrants, traders, and Muslim invaders in the 7th century C.E. The first Muslim invaders came in 711 indirectly due to the trading contacts with the Indian civilization. Arab Muslim trader ships were attacked by pirates from Sind in west India which caused the Hajjaj (leader of the eastern provinces of the Umayyad Empire) to launch an attack on Sind as revenge. This was led by Muhammad ibn Qasim who declared the region of Sind a province of the Umayyad Empire of the Islamic civilization. A slight decline on Muslim control of India was counteracted by new Muslim invasions in 942 by a Turkish slave dynasty that seized power in Afghanistan. The third ruler of the dynasty, Muhammad of Ghazni launched many attacks on northwest India in the 11th century, trying to spread Islam. In Southeast Asia, Islam was spread through trade and sailors. In the 8th century C.E. much of the coastal trade of India was controlled by Muslims. Muslim influences began to trickle into the islands of Southeast Asia, but only after the collapse of Shrivijaya in the 13th century did Islam began to spread thoroughly. Shrivijaya, a trading empire on the straits of Malacca, was controlled by Buddhists officials so many traders and sailors didn’t see the need to convert to Islam. Once it collapsed, Muslim ports were established and there were incentives to become a Muslim. Throughout the islands of Southeast Asia the people came in contact with Sufis on ships of Muslim traders, another reason Islam became so widespread. Also, through important trading cities such as Malacca and Demak, Islam was spread amongst the thousands of people that came there. Trade was a major key component of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.
 * 1) ** Davis - ** What is the chronology of the various Muslim empires in India? The Rashidun Caliphate(632-661)/ The Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)/The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in Islamic Spain (756-1036)/ The Abbasid Caliphate (750-1257)/ The Fatimid Caliphate (910-1171)/ The Mamluk Caliphate (1250-1517/ The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) -Gisela Ponce
 * 2) ** Flores - ** What is the significance of Muhammad Ibn Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, and Muhammad of Ghur? The significance of those people was that they were military generals that conquered lands under the Islamic faith. In particular Muhammad Ibn Quasim conquered the Sind interior and the Indus valley and claimed those lands as provinces of Umayyad empire, Mahmud of Ghanzi conquered the eastern Iranian lands and the western Indian subcontinent, and Mahumud of Ghur brought the Indus valley and much of north central India under his control.
 * 3) ** Gonzalez - ** What lands were dominated by the Muslims, and what areas remained under Hindu control? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">predominant religion in the Middle East, the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, North Africa and some parts of Asia. Large communities of Muslims are also found in China, the Balkans, and Russia.
 * 1) ** Lee - ** How did Islam spread into Sub - Saharan Africa? Largely by trade on both coasts from about the first millenium. A large part of the trade was in slaves until the Europeans took over in the 16th century. There was Islamic influence as far South as the Congo, Angola and Zimbabwe.
 * 1) ** Lewis - ** What is a stateless society? A society that doesn't have their own state or a homeland that they control.
 * 2) ** Li - ** What caused the Bantu migrations? fear of famine, no more land/food for animals, external pressure, etc.
 * 3) ** Lupai - ** Where in Africa would you find Axum, and what is it?
 * 4) Axum is a city in northern Ethiopia that was originally the capital of the Kingdom of Axum. It was a naval and trading power that ruled the region from about 400 BC well into the 10th century. It is believed that after the 7th century, it began a slow decline due partly to Islamic groups contesting trade routes. Before its decline, it was also the center of the marine trading power known as the Aksumite Kingdom, which predated the earliest mentions in Roman era writings
 * 5) ** Carlock - ** What region of Africa first converted to Islam by 700? North Africa
 * 6) ** Macapagal - ** What region of Africa first converted to Islam by 700?north africa
 * 7) ** Macneill - ** Where in Africa was the influence of Islam most profound? The affect of Islam was most profound in northern Africa where it first spread to.
 * 8) ** Manivanh - ** Who led the Malinke expansion that created the Mali Empire? <span style="color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">The founder of the Mali Empire is believed to be Sundiata Keita. He was born crippled and his mother had a hunch back, so they were often ridiculed and teased by co-wives. They were persecuted by Sundiata’s half brother and his mother to the extent that they fleed to the Mema kingdom of the Ghana Empire. There, the king respected Sundiata for his bravery and tenacity, and granted him to a senior position in the kingdom. Later, King Somaoro of Sosso conquered the Madinka people of Manden. They sought out Sundiata because a prophecy stated that he was to be their great leader. He returned home and defeated the king of Sosso in the Battle of Kirina. At the age of 18, he was named the first Emperor of the Mali Empire. His story has been passed down orally through the Epic of Sundiata, a traditional Mali poem. The exact dates of the events described have been lost through time, decreasing the overall historical accuracy. The Mali Empire lasted approximately 1230-1600 and occupied the territory along the Niger River.
 * 1) ** Muhney - **Where were the Swahili city states? Along the east coast of Africa, from Kenya to Mozambique
 * 2) ** Munzlinger - ** What Sudanic kingdom declined in 1076? Ghana >:]
 * 3) ** Nachtergaele - ** How did the combination of trade and Islam impact Sub - Saharan Africa?
 * 1) ** Park - ** What were the Central African kingdoms, and why were they significant? The Central African Kingdoms were various communities(kingdoms) of Bantu people South of the rainforest near Lake Victoria they began their own process of state formation, replacing the pattern of kinship-based societies with forms of political authority based on kinship,developed rituals that influenced the ruler's power,included the Luba people in Katanga whom modified the system of village headmen forming a divine kinship (ruler and relatives had the power to control fertility of humans and crops).-beliefCynthia Boboy
 * 2) ** Phillips - ** How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade? It connected Africa with the Eurasian trade, so since slavery was used in the Muslim world (and was already used in Africa), contact with the Muslim world increased the use of slavery and slave trade. ~Jennifer Yakubek
 * 3) ** Podsednik - ** What constitutes a civilization? In order for a civilization to be fully constituted, it must have a ceremonial centre(a formal gathering place fro social and cultural activities), a system of writimg, and a city. it also must be an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry and government have been reached.